p109.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
MC-indx.htm |
Top
MCpp-indx.htm
Caveat: Don't be impatient going over old or grouped files. The process is a necessity.
{ta-ra}
p109-c1
{ta-la.}
{ta-wa.}
p109-c2
{ti.}
{ti.ka.} /
{taik}* : तिङ् [tiṅ] -->
{teeín}
?
{ti.sa.} /
{taic}
{ti.Ta.} /
{taiT}
{ti.ta.} /
{tait}
{ti.pa.} /
{taip}
p109-c3
{ti.ra.}
{ti.la.}
UKT 180621: I'm feeling the need for a front-vowel between
/i/ and
/é/. I propose to represent it with
- super-e .
----- on line 180614 : p109.htm - search for तारायण
UKT notes :
•
Palatal consonants : Nya'gyi &
Nya'lé
• Sesamum
- aka sesame
• Tarkshya
- the horse which becomes a bird
•
Taittiriya Upanishad :
{U.pa.ni.þa}
• Tilaka
- the mark on the forehead
•
Toddy palm
{ta-ra}
UKT 171117: Files with grouped entries or free entries in a separate folder and are not under TIL Bk-cndl-index :
¤p060-3.htm
p061.htm
¤p105.htm
p106.htm
p107.htm
Files with grouped entries intact, and still under Bk-cndl-index :
¤p108.htm ,
p109.htm , etc.
p109c1-b00/ p076-001
• तारायण
[ târâyana ]
-- m. sacred fig-tree
(tree of deliverance).
1)
p109c1-b01/ p076-020
• तारारमण
[ târâ-rámana ]
-- m. moon (lover of the stars);
-‿âvalî, f. host of
stars, galaxy; N. of various celestial
and human women; -‿avaloka,
m. N. of a prince.
20)
p109c1-b02/ p076-019
• तारिक
[ târ-ika ]
-- n. (?) fare, toll at a ferry;
-in, a. delivering:
(n)-î, f. Durgâ.
19)
p109c1-b03/ p076-018
• तारुण्य
[ târun-ya ]
-- n. youth.
18)
p109c1-b04/ p076-017
• तार्किक
[ târk-ika ]
-- m. sceptic, dialectician, philosopher.
17)
p109c1-b05/ not online
• तार्क्ष्य [tarksh-ya]
= त ा र ् क ् ष ् य
-- m. a mythical being, horse or
bird (V.); = Garuda (C.)
See my note on Tarkshya
p109c1-b06/ p076-016
• तार्क्ष्यरत्न
[ târkshya-ratna ]
-- n. kind of dark-coloured gem.
16)
p109c1-b07/ p076-015
• तार्ण
[ târna ]
-- a. made of grass (trina).
15)
p109c1-b08/ p076-014
• तार्तीय
[ târtîya ] = तार्तीय
Skt: -- a. belonging to the third;
the third; n. a third: -ka,
a. belonging to the third;
î-ka, a. third.
14)
© तार्तीय
[ târtîya ]
Skt: तार्तीय
[ târtîya ] -- a. belonging to the third;
the third; n. a third: - Mac109c1
BPal: 
{ta.ti.ya.}
- 
- UHS-PMD0429
UKT from UHS: mfn. the third
p109c1-b09/ p076-013
• तार्य
[ târ-ya ]
-- fp. to be crossed; to be overcome;
n. fare.
13)
UKT 171117: Compare the ancient Greek and the Bur-Myan customs of placing a coin worth 1/4 kyat
{mût sé.} in the mouth of the corpse as the ferry-fare
{ku:to.hka.}. A packet of cooked rice is also placed on the coffin for the deceased to eat while on its way to the village of the dead
{þé-rwa} .
See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charon_(mythology) 171117
"In Greek mythology, Charon or Kharon (/ˈk ɛərɒn/ or /ˈkɛərən/; Greek Χάρων) is the ferryman of Hades who carries souls of the newly deceased across the rivers Styx and Acheron that divided the world of the living from the world of the dead. A coin to pay Charon for passage, usually an obolus or danake, was sometimes placed in or on the mouth of a dead person. [1]"
{ta-la.}
p109c1-b10/ p076-012
• ताल
[ tâla ]
Skt: -- m. palmyra or fan
palm (from the sap of which sugar and
an intoxicating liquor are prepared);
flapping (esp. of elephants' ears);
clapping of hands; (musical)
measure; dance; cymbal(?); n.
palmyra nut; a. made from the
palmyra: -ka, m. kind of
poisonous insect. -- Mac109c1
12)
© ताल
[ tâla ]
Skt: ताल [ tâla ] -- m. palmyra
{pé pín} or fan palm [Bur: fan from
leaf of palmyra-palm
{ta.ra.pût} - MED2006-164a]; flapping; clapping
of hands (musical) measure; dance; cymbal
[Bur:
{sæÑ:}. Myanmar Nataraj times his dance with
his feet, whilst he dances with his hands];
n. palmyra nut; a. made from
the palmyra: -- Mac109c1
BPal:
{ta-la.} - UHS-PMD0438
- 
UKT from UHS: m. toddy palm ,
shaft of an arrow, iron hook, a hand span
(= 9 inches)
See my note on Toddy palm
p109c1-b11/ not online
• [tâlaṅkî-kri]
-- turn into an ear-ring
p109c1-b12/ p076-011
• तालजङ्घ talajangha
[ tâla-gaṅgha ]
-- a. having legs like palmyras,
long-legged; m. pl. N. of a warrior
tribe; N. of a Rakshas; -druma,
m. palmyra tree;
-dhvaga, a.
fan-palm-bannered; ep. of Balarâma.
11)
p109c1-b13/ p076-010
• तालन talana
[ tâl-ana ]
-- n. clapping of hands.
10)
p109c1-b14/ p076-009
• तालपत्त्र
[ tâla-pattra ]
- n. palmyra leaf; kind of
ear-ring; -phala, n.
palmyra nut; -vâdya, n.
clapping of hands;
-vrinta, n.
palm leaf used as a fan; fan.
9)
p109c1-b15/ p076-008
• तालव्य
[ tâlav-ya ]
Skt: तालव्य
[ tâlav-ya ] - a. palatal
(sound). -- Mac109c1
8)
BPal: 
{ta-lu.za.} - UHS-PMD0438
- 
UKT from UHS: mfn. sounds formed
in the area of the hard palate. These sounds
are:
{sa.}
{hsa.}
{za.}
{Za.}
{Ña.}
{ya.} :
but pronounced as affricates in Skt-Dev and Mon-Myan.
/{kya.}/, /{hkya.}/, /{gya.}/ - which are conjuncts unstable under
viram.
However, they are stable, which means they have to be represented with
special dedicated glyphs.
{ca.} ≅
{sa.},
{hca.} ≅
{hsa.},
{ja.} ≅
{za.}
See my note on Palatal consonants :
• Bur-Myan: Nya'gyi{Ñ}
• Pal-Myan: Nya'gyi is unstable and under the viram{a.þût} breaks up into two Nya'lé -
{ñ~ña.}
In order to settle the confusion between Burmese and Pali which both uses the Myanmar akshara, BEPS assigns the Palatal plosive-stop to Nya'le{ña.}/
{ñ}, and Palatal fricative to Nya'gyi
p109c1-b16/ p076-007
• तालावचर
[ tâla‿avakara ]
-- m. dancer, actor:
-na, m. id.
7)
p109c1-b17/ p076-006
• तालिका
[ tâl-ikâ ]
-- f. palm (of the hand);
clapping of hands.
6)
p109c1-b18/ p076-005
• तालिन्
[ tâl-in ]
-- a. ¹. provided with cymbals;
². sitting upon (--°).
5)
p109c1-b19/ p076-004
• ताली [ tâlî ]
-- f. a tree; palm wine; clapping
of the hands; a metre:
-patta,
-puta, m.(?)
kind of ear-ring.
4)
p109c1-b20/ not online
• तालीयक [tâl-îya-ka]
-- cymbal
p109c1-b21/ p076-003
• तालु [ tâlu ]
-- n. palate: -ka,
n. id.
3)
p109c1-b22/ not online
• तालूषक [tâlûsha-ka]
Skt: तालूषक [tâlûsha-ka]
-- palate - Mac109c1
*Skt: तालूषकम् «tālūṣakam» -- the palate - SktDict: Apte
p109c1-b23 p076-002
• ताल्प
[ tâlpa ]
-- a. born in the nuptial bed;
legitimate.
2)
{ta-wa.}
p109c1-b24/ p076-035
• तावक
[ tâva-ka ]
-- a. (î) thine: î-na,
a. id.
35)
p109c1-b25/ p076-034
• तावच्छत
tavacchata [ tâvak-khata ]
-- a. (î) consisting of as
many hundreds.
34)
p109c1-b26 p076-033
• तावज्ज्योक्
[ tâvag-gyok ]
-- ad. so long (V.).
33)
p109c1-b27/ p076-032
• तावत्
[ tã-vat ] -->
{ta-wût}
-- a. so great, so extensive;
so long; so much; so manifold, so
numerous, just so many (with corr.
yâvat): n. ad. (with corr. yâvat)
so much, so far; so long, during that
time, then; (without corr.)
meanwhile; for a while; in the first
place, first; just, at once (very
often with the impv. to express what is
to be done immediately=pray just
or at once --; or with
1st pers. pr. = I will first of
all); only, merely; indeed, certainly,
it is true (concessively, followed
by but); already, even (opp.
how much more or less); well!
enough! emphasizes a notion (±eva),
only, just, quite, why (sts. to be
rendered by stress only);
tâvat -ka, scarcely
-when; tâvan na -api na, not only
not -but also not; na tâvat, not
yet: na tâvat--yâvat, not yet while;
mã tâvat, (interjectionally)
not for heaven's sake, God forbid;
yâvad yâvat tâvat tâvat, in
proportion--as; yâvan na tâvat,
while not--so long = till: in.
tâvatâ, during that time, meanwhile;
to the same extent, just as far; lc.
tãvati, so far; so long, in that
time.
32)
p109c2-b01/ p076-031
• तावत्कालम्
[ tâvat-kâlam ]
- ad. so long;
-kri tvas,
ad. so many times; -phala,
a. producing just so much reward;
-sûtra, n. so many threads;
(d)-guna, a.
having so many qualities.
31)
p109c2-b02/ p076-030
• तावद्धा
[ tâvad-dhâ ]
- ad. so many times.
30)
p109c2-b03/ p076-029
• तावन्मात्र
[ tâvan-mâtrá ]
- a. (&isharp;)
(having such a measure), so much.
29)
p109c2-b04/ p076-028
• तासून
[ tâsûna ]
-- m. kind of hemp; a.
(î) hempen.
28)
p109c2-b05/ p076-027
तास्कर्य
[ tâskar-ya ]
-- n. robbery, theft.
27)
{ti.}
• ति
BPal:
{ti.} UHS-PMD0439c2
- m. numeral three.
{ti.ka.} /
{taik}
p109c2-b06/ p076-026
• तिक्त
[ tik-ta ]
= त ि क ् त
- pp. bitter; fragrant:
-sâka, n. bitter
or fragrant vegetable.
26)
p109c2-b07/ p076-025
• तिगित
[ tig-itá ]
-- a. sharp. pointed.
25)
p109c2-b08/ not online
• तिग्म [tig-má]
= त ि ग ् म --> {taig-ma.}
-- a. id. ; hot; passionate
p109c2-b09/ p076-024
• तिग्मकर
[ tigma-kara ]
-- m. sun (hot-rayed);
(á)-tegas, a.
keen-edged, sharp-pointed; impetuous,
energetic; m. sun; -dîdhiti,
m. sun; -dyuti, m. id.;
-bhâs, -rasmi,
-ruki, m. id.;
-vîrya, a. powerful;
-sriṅga,
a. sharp horned; (á)-heti,
a. bearing sharp missiles.
24)
p109c2-b10/ p076-023
• तिग्मांशु
[ tigma‿amsu ]
- m. (hot-rayed), sun; fire;
a◡́âyudha, a.
bearing sharp weapons.
23)
p109c2-b11/ not online
• तिङ् [tiṅ] -->
{teeín}
?
-- personal termination (gr.).
{ti.sa.} /
{taic}
p109c2-b12/ not online
• [ tig ] I. Â.
-- tiga , be sharp; pp.
tikta ; cs. tegaya ,
P. sharpen; urge, stir up : pp.
tegita , sharpened,
pointed; des. titiksha , P. (Â)
endure, bear patiently, ud ,
cs. ...
{ti.Ta.} /
{taiT}
Skt:
BPal: 
{taiT~HTa.ti} - UHS-PMD0440c2
UKT from UHS: stood still, situated,
stop
{ti.ta.} /
{tait}
p109c2-b13/ p076-022
• तितिक्षा
[ ti-tik-shâ ] (des.)
-- f. endurance (of, --°); patience;
-shú, des. a. enduring
(ac.); patient.
22)
p109c2-b14/ p076-021
• तितीर्षा
[ ti-tîr-shâ ]
-- (des.) f. desire to cross over
(--°); -shu, des. a. desirous
to cross (ac., --°).
21)
p109c2-b15/ p076-046
• तित्तिर
[ tittirá ]
-- m. francolin partridge: pl.
N. of a people.
46)
p109c2-b16/ p076-045
• तित्तिरि
[ tittíri (or í) ]
- m. francolin partridge; N.
of an ancient teacher, a pupil of Yâska
and founder of the Taittirîya school;
N. of a Nâga.
45)
See my note on Taittiriya Upanishad
p109c2-b17/ p076-044
• तिथि [ tithi ]
-- m. f. (also î) lunar day
(of which there are fifteen in the
half-month, the auspicious ones
being Nandâ, Bhadrâ Vigaya, and Pûrnâ).
44)
p109c2-b18/ p076-043
• तिन्तिड
[ tintida ]
= त ि न ् त ि ड
-- m. (?) Indian tamarind; î,
f. id.; i-kâ,
f. id.; î-ka, m. id.; n. the fruit.
-- Mac109c2
43)
© तिन्तिड
[ tintida ]
Skt: तिन्तिड
[ tintida ] - m. (?) Indian tamarind;
î, f. id.; -- Mac109c2
Pal: 
{tain~ti.ði.ka}
- 
-
UHS-PMD0442
UKT from UHS: f. tamarind tree
p109c2-b19/ not online
• तिन्तिक
[tinduka]
Skt: तिन्तिक
[tinduka] -- m., î , f. a tree
Skt: तिन्दुक
«tinduka» - m. black-and-white ebony
Diospyros malabarica , fruit of. n.
kind of weight - SpkSkt
{ti.pa.} /
{taip}
p109c2-b20/ not on line
• तिप्य
[tipya]
= त ि प ् य
Skt: तिप्य
[tipya] - m. N. of a man - Mac108c2
Skt: तिप्य
«tipya» - N. of a man - SktDict
p109c2-b21/ not online
• तिम्
[ tim ] IV. P.
Skt: तिम्
[ tim ] IV. P. -- timya , become
still; pp. timita , motionless;
wet - Mac108c2
Skt: √तिम्
«tim» - becoming wet /
ārdī-bhāva - SktDict
p109c2-b22/ p076-042
• तिमि [ tim-i ]
-- m. large sea fish; whale; fish:
-ghâtin,
m. fisherman.
42)
p109c2-b23/ p076-041
• तिमिंगिल
[ timim-gila ]
-- m. fabulous sea monster (swallowing
even the timi).
41)
p109c2-b24/ p076-040
• तिमिर
[ tim-ira ]
-- a. dark, murky; n. darkness;
clouded eyesight (a class of diseases of
the eye): â, f. N. of a town;
-tâ, f. dimness of the
eyesight; -dosha, m. cataract
(of the eye);
-patala, n. veil
of darkness: pl. cataract (of the
eye); -maya, a. consisting
altogether of darkness.
40)
© तिमिर
[ tim-ira ]
Skt: तिमिर
[ tim-ira ] -- a. dark, murky;
n. darkness; clouded eyesight
(a class of diseases of the eye):
- Mac108c2
Pal: 
{ti.mi.ra.} - UHS-PMD0443
UKT from UHS: mfn. dark.
n. murky-headed, darkness,
{kyæÑ: pûn:} sculpted door-frame?
p108c3-b01/ p076-039
• तिमिरय
[ timira-ya ]
-- den. P. darken.
39)
p108c3-b02/ p076-038
• तिमिराकुल [ timira‿âkula ]
-- a. filled with darkness, affected with cataract; -‿ari, m.
(foe of darkness), sun: -ripu, m. owl.
38)
p108c3-b03/ p076-056
• तिमिरौघ
[ timira‿ogha ]
-- m. dense darkness.
56)
{ti.ra.}
p109c3-b04/ p076-055
• तिर [ tira ]
-- pr. base of √trî.
55)
p109c3-b05/ p076-054
• तिरय
[ tiraya ]
-- den. P. conceal; stop, restrain,
conquer; penetrate.
54)
p109c3-b06/ not online
• [tiras-k]
-- weak base of tiryañk
p109c3-b07/ p076-053
• तिरश्चीन
[ tirask-&isharp;na ]
-- a. oblique, horizontal; sidelong.
53)
p109c3-b08/ not online
• तिरस्
[tir-ás] √trî prpn. (V.)
-- with ac. across, through; over,
past; without, against; with ab.
without the knowledge of; ad. across,
crossways; aside; out of sight; ...
Skt: तिरस् - through (accusative), across, beyond, over (accusative), so as to pass by, apart from, without, against (accusative), apart or secretly from (ablative), ... - SktDict
p109c3-b09/ p076-037
• तिरस्कर
[ tiras-kara ]
-- a. (î) surpassing
(g.); -karanîya,
fp. to be overcome; -karin,
m. curtain: (n)-î,
f. id.; curtain concealing some
one (g.); magic veil of darkness
(making in visible); -kâra,
m. abuse, scolding; disrespect;
-kârin, a. surpassing (--°);
-kriyâ, f. abuse; disrespect.
37)
p109c3-b10/ p076-036
• तिरोधातव्य
[ tiro-dhâtavya ]
-- fp. to be closed (ears);
-dhâna, n. disappearance;
-bhâva, m. id.; -bhûta,
pp. concealed; vanished; -hita,
pp., v. tiras: -tâ, f.
disappearance: -m gam,
vanish.
36)
p109c3-b11/ p076-052
• तिर्यक्ता
[ tiryak-tâ ]
= ((त ि) र ्) (य क ्) (त ा)
-- f. nature or condition of
beasts; -tva, n. id.; -pâtin,
a. falling obliquely on (lc.);
-pratimukha‿âgata, n.
obstruction from the side or in front;
-prekshana, a. looking
at sideways.
52)
© तिर्यक्ता
[ tiryak-tâ ]
= ((त ि) र ्) (य क ्) (त ा)
Skt: तिर्यक्ता
[ tiryak-tâ ] - f. nature or
condition of beasts; - Mac109c3
BPal: 
{ti.ric~hsa.} - UHS PMD0444c1
UKT from UHS: - contrary [I take it
to be "contrary to human nature" -
animals]
p109c3-b12/ p076-051
• तिर्यगायत
[ tiryag-âyata ]
-- pp. extended across;
-ga, a. moving horizontally;
-ga, a. born of animals;
-gana, m. animal,
beast; -gâti,
m. id.; -yona, m.
animal; -yoni, f. womb of an
animal; condition of animals; animal
creation; -vâta, m. side-wind;
-visamsarpin, a.
spreading sideways.
51)
p109c3-b13/ not online
• [tiry-áñk]
-- a. (nm. m. -áṅ ,
n. -ák ; f. tirásk-î)
transverse, horizontal; crossing;
m. n. (moving horizontally, opp.
to man who walks erect), beast, animal
(sis. including birds and plants); ...
{ti.la.}
p109c3-b14/ p076-050
• तिल [ tilá ]
-- m. sesamum (plant and seed:
the latter is used as food, and good oil
is extracted from it); grain,
atom; mole (on the body).
50)
See my note on Sesamum
{nhûm:} aka sesame Sesamum indicum fam. Pedaliaceae
p109c3-b15/ p076-049
• तिलक [ tíla-ka ]
-- m. a tree; freckle, mole;
coloured mark on the forehead (always
here in the case of women) or elsewhere,
as an ornament or sectarian distinction;
m. ornament of (--°); N.; n.
alliteration; a metre: -ka,
m. N.
49)
See my note on Tilaka - the mark on the forehead
p109c3-b16/ p076-048
• तिलकण
[ tila-kana ]
-- m. grain of sesamum seed.
48)
p109c3-b17/ p076-047
• तिलकय
[ tilaka-ya ]
-- den. P. mark; adorn:
pp. tilakita.
47)
p109c3-b18/ not online
• [tilaka-râga],
-- m. N.; -latâ , f.
N. ; -simha , m. N.
( end p109c3 )
----- online 180614 : p109.htm - search for तारायण
by UKT 120316, 170823
The palatal consonants are the most intruding sounds in the BEPS languages. So far I can trace their problem to the way the four ethnic (or linguistic) speakers articulate their sounds in their vocal apparatus or the articulators.
These articulators are controlled by a large and complex set of muscles that can produce changes in the shape of the vocal tract. The vocal tract is not rigid and its shape can change because of the muscles connected to it. In order to learn how the sounds of speech are produced it is necessary to become familiar with the different parts of the vocal tract. These different parts are called articulators, and the study of them is called articulatory phonetics.
Because of them I have to delve into
phonetics, phonemics, and phonological
systems of the Burmese speakers, the
English speakers and the Hindi speakers.
These three groups of speakers belong to
the Tib-Bur (Tibeto-Burman), the IE
(Indo-European & Indo-Iranian) linguistic
groups who articulate their sounds differently
depending on whether they are rhotic-sibilant
(hissers) speakers or non-rhotic thibilant
(non-hissers) speakers, and whether they
have 2 tones (short and long) or 3 tones
(creak, modal, emphatic) in their vowels.
The English word "tone" pre-supposes,
that there are only two, whereas in actuality
there are 3 or 4. I now describe them by their
vowel-duration measured by the time-duration
to blink your eyes. The unit eye-blinks
is subjective, but is more meaningful to the
speakers than time-duration measured in
seconds. Thus "short" is
1 eye-blink, and "long" is 2 blnk.
Throw in the 3-tone languages, we have
"creak" 1/2 blnk, "modal"
2 blnk, "emphatic" 2 blnk + emphasis.
As an example, take Bur-Myan and Mon-Myan
together, both written in Myanmar script:
{a:.} (1/2 blnk),
{a.} (1 blnk),
{a} (2 blnk),
{a:} (2 blnk + emphasis)
Bur-Myan:
Mon-Myan:
Mon{a:.} are equivalents.
I refrain from giving the IPA equivalents of the first three members of row r2 (given below), because of its mis-representation as 'affricates'. We now have three series in BEPS:
Bur-Myan:
--
Pal-Myan:
--
Hindi-Myan:{kya.}
{hkya.}
{gya.} ... ...
-- my greatest drawback [as of today] is my ignorance of Hindi though both my parents could speak it.
The approximant consonant
{ya.} must never be considered as a vowel
or semivowel. It is a basic consonant. At
the most you can consider it to be a
semi-consonant. Similarly, in BEPS,
{Ña.} is a basic consonant.
UKT 170823: In a nutshell, in Pal-Myan Nya'gyi
{Ña.} is the horizontal conjunct breaking
up under virama:
-->
.
As the nuclear vowel-coda pair, we find it
{íñ} pronounced as in {íñ} /ɪn/
a nasal.
On the other hand, Bur-Myan
{Ña.}/
{Ñ} is stable and it is found as the
coda-consonant preceded by æ . The
nuclear vowel-coda pair is pronounced as
{æÑ} approximated in IPA as /i/. In the
BEPS consonant table, it is the palatal
approximant, by the side of
{ya.}/
{ý} as the velar approximant.
Thus, it is not
{Ña.} which occupies r2c5 in BEPS, it is Nya'lé,
/
{ñ}. Nya'lé is the nasal. Nya'gyi
{Ña.}/
{Ñ}.
Go back Palatal-note-b
-- UKT 120317
The oil is pressed out from the seeds.
The oilcake as food for humans and animals
is a good source of protein. Since a lot
of oil remains in the cake, the oil can
be extracted by solvents. Before World War II,
the main edible oil consumed in Burma
(now spelled Myanmar) is the sesamum oil.
Very little peanut (aka groundnut) oil
was consumed. Sesamum oil is an
important ingredient in traditional
Bur-Myan medicine. -- UKT120317
-- TravPo-M-Dict 177UKT from Traveling Pocket Myanmar Dictionary (in Bur-Myan) : 3 kinds of plants are mentioned known by Bur-Myan names: [ordinary] {nhûm:}, {nhûm:kri:}, {nhûm:krût}
See A Checklist of Botanical Names of Myanmar Plants of Importance in Para-Medicine{pa.ra.hsé:}:
- MP-Para-indx.htm > Agri2000-indx.htm >• Sesame; sesamum Sesamum indicum Padaliaceae{na.}
entry number 34-0892
online: Myanmar Medicinal Plant Database by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL http://www.tuninst.net/MyanMedPlants/TIL/famP/Pedaliaceae.htm#Sesamum-indicum 170825
Go back sesamum-note-b
- UKT 120316: There is a high possibility
of mistaken translations when RigVeda
of Vedic language - which I take to be
Tib-Bur - by
{poaN~Na:} speakers of IE, and of Aus-Asi
language groups. The cultural background
of Tib-Bur who were mostly agriculturalists
are different from nomadic IE and
Aus-Asi. For example, Tib-Bur would be
interested in just the rains to raise crops
and harvest them, whilst the nomadic peoples
would have to be familiar with movements
of the celestial bodies, and their positions
against the background of the fixed stars,
to guide them to their destinations. With
this background knowledge, there is nothing
mysterious about a "horse"
being changed into a "bird".
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkshya 120316
Tārkṣya is the name of a mythical being in the Rigveda, described as a "horse" with the epithet áriṣṭa-nemi "with intact wheel-rims" (RV 1.89.6, RV 10.178.1), but alternatively taken to be a bird (RV 5.51) and later identified with Garuda (Mahabharata, Harivamsha) or Garuda's father (Bhagavata Purana 6.6.2, 21), counted among the offspring of Kashyapa in Mahabharata 1.2548, 4830 and 12468.
It is also the name of the hymn RV 10.178 ascribed to Tārkṣya Ariṣṭanemi.
Go back Tarkshya-note-b
- UKT 110317, 171122
After realizing that Védic and Sanskrit are
different, and that Védic is very much older,
it dawned on me that Védic is Tib-Bur - the
language of the indigenous peoples of India.
Sanskrit, on the other hand is IE - the
language of the intruders coming in through
the north-western border of India. Since
Sanskrit is written in Devanagari script,
what was the script of Védic? I presume it
was Asokan the sister-script Myanmar. Since
Upanishad
{U.pa.ni.þa}, is one of the older Upanishads,
it was probably written in Asokan. If so we
have to know what Upanishads are. See:
-
MCv2pp-indx.htm >
p053.htm in entry p053c1-b15
(link chk 171122)
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad 110317
The Taittiriya Upanishad [ one of the
{U.pa.ni.þa} UHS-PMD0226c2 ] is one of the
older, "
primary" Upanishads commented upon by
Shankara. It is associated with the
Taittiriya school of the Yajurveda.
It figures as number 7 in the
Muktika canon of 108 Upanishads. It
belongs to the Taittiriya recension of
the Yajurveda and is constituted by the
seventh, eighth and ninth chapters of
Taittiriya
Aranyaka. The tenth chapter of the
same Aranyaka is the
Mahanarayana Upanishad.
The Taittiriya Upanishad describes the various degrees of happiness enjoyed by the different beings in creation. [1]
The text of the Taittriya Upanishad is a compilation of the late Vedic, pre-Buddhist genre. The date of composition is not known but is considered to be circa VI or V century BCE [2]. Shankara's commentary dates from some twelve to thirteen centuries later. Shankara's commentary has influenced much of the subsequent interpretation of the meaning of the Taittiriya Upanishad. It is considered likely that texts such as the Upanishads were composed by groups of pandits and then amended over time. This, however, was not the view of Shankara. For him, as for certain contemporary brahmins and Hindus, the Taittiriya Upanishad and the Veda as a whole are not human compositions.
UKT 170824: Adi Shankara and others like him, were too sure of themselves that they seem to have forgotten that there had been worthy human rishis like Rishi Vishvamitra
{waiþ~þa mait~ta. ra.þé.}, and Rishi Bhagu
{Ba.gu. ra.þé.}, who were revered by Gautama Buddha himself. According to Hindu sources, they had been to Déva Loka - the Heaven of the Hindus. Rishi Bhagu even chastised the Trimuti - MahaBrahma (cursed to not receive worship), Vishnu (a kick in the chest), Siva (to be worshiped only as Lingam stuck in Yoni) for failing in their duties to protect the Human world. I hold that the Vedas are the works of ancient human rishis.
The Taittiriya Upanishad and Shankara's commentary are classics of Sanskrit literature. Along with other ancient Upanishad, they have been important sources of religion in India for more than two thousand years. The two texts have been instrumental in the spread of Vedanta. Parts of the Taittiriya Upanishad were translated into European languages as early as the XVII century. Since the end of the XIX century, the Taittirya Upanishad has been translated many times into European and other Indian languages [3].
The Taittiriya Upanishad is divided into three sections or vallis, the Siksha Valli, the Brahmananda Valli and the Bhrigu Valli. Each Valli further subdivided into anuvakas or verses.
UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.
Go back Taittiriya-note-b
Excerpt from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilaka 120412
In
Hinduism, the tilaka, tilak
or tika (Skt:
तिलक tilaka)
[1] is a mark
worn on the forehead and other parts of
the body. Tilaka may be worn on a daily
basis or for special religious occasions
only, depending on different customs.
UKT Inset: A Manipuri baby with mark on the forehead from
Manipuri Vaishnavism in
http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/spiritual-discussions/31964-vaisnava-india-poll.html 120412
The terms tilaka and bindi overlap somewhat, but are definitely not synonymous. Among the differences:
• A tilaka is always applied with paste or powder, whereas a bindi may be paste, a sticker, or even jewelry.
• A tilaka is usually applied for religious or spiritual reasons, or to honor a personage, event, or victory. A bindi can signify marriage, or be simply for decorative purposes.
• A bindi is worn only between the eyes, whereas a tilaka can also cover the face or other parts of the body. Tilak can be applied to twelve parts of the body: head, forehead, neck, both upper-arms, both forearms, chest, both sides of the torso, stomach and shoulder.
• Bindi is a Hindi term, whereas tilaka applies to the entire Indian subcontinent.
Go back Tilaka-note-b
by UKT 120316, 170825
There are two related palms, the toddy palm
{htûn:}Borassus flabellifer and the
corypha palm
{pé} Corypha elata / Corypha
umbraculifera . See Botanical Names
of Myanmar Plants of Importance by Agri.Dept.
(Planning), in Para-Medicine:
-
MP-Para-indx.htm >
Agri2000-indx.htm (link chk 170824)
click on
{hta.} for item no: 30-0797
{htûn:},
click on
{pa.} for items 36-0937, and 36-0938
{pé}
The sap of the toddy palm
{htûn:} is sweet in the morning but
ferments during the day and Myanmar
Theravada Buddhist monks are not allowed
to drink even the sweet sap collected
in the morning.
It is said that the Ari monks of ancient
Pagan drank large quantities of the sap as
{þé} or Soma fermented from toddy.
[Do not confuse
{þé} 'alcoholic drink' with
{þé:} 'urine'.]. What the old monks liked
is described in the words
{ra.hûn:kri: kreik} (pronounced as
YaHunGyiGyaik) that which has just fermented
which is rich in sugars and other nutrients.
It is more digestible than the fresh sap of
the morning, and not as intoxicating as the
fully fermented kind in the evening.
The broader leaf of the corypha palm
{pé} [different from toddy palm] is
the used for writing with an iron stylus
{ka.Ñic}. It is the custom of every Bur-Myan
to have a palm-leaf horoscope,
{za-ta}, made out by an Astrologer-Astronomer
showing the time of his birth and the planets
and natal-nakshatra which serves as a birth
certificate. My name Kyaw-Tun, though not the
{za-ta}-name, is in accordance with
Burmese-Astrology (entirely different from
Hindu kind) shows that I am Monday born.
Myanmar akshara system of writing is related
to Astrology which in turn is related to the
system of Babylonian system of mathematics
and trigonometry (in which the unit is
divided into 60 divisions instead of 10).
Go back Toddy-palm-note-b
End of TIL file