Update: 2012-01-01 12:20 AM +0630
TIL
let-l-m-n.htm
Daniel Jones. Edited by Peter Roach, James Hartman and Jane Setter. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Scanned by Maung Kan Tun and edited by U Kyaw Tun, M.S. (I.P.S.T., U.S.A.). Not for sale. Prepared for students of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR .
index.htm |Top
DJPD16-indx.htm
pronounce_l-m
L |
LL |
M |
MN
N |
NG
Myanmar {ma.}
p304. In general, the consonant letter [ l ] is pronounced / l /, e.g.:
<like> | /laɪk/ | ||||||
<wool> | /wʊl/ |
However, [ l ] is frequently silent, particularly when preceded by an [a], e.g.:
<calf> | /kɑːf/ | ||||||
<calm> | /kɑːm/ |
In the past tense form of modal verbs spelt [ould], [ l ] is also silent, e.g.:
<could> | /kʊd/ | ||||||
<would> | /wʊd/ |
p318. In general, the consonant digraph [ ll ] is pronounced / l /, e.g.:
<fall> | /fɔːl/ | us | /fɑːl/ | ||||
<illustrate> | /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/ |
Where the [ ll ] is produced by adding the suffix -ly or -less to a word ending in a single [ l ], the pronunciation reflects this, e.g.:
<coolly> | /ˈkuːl.li/ | ||||||
<soulless> | /ˈsəʊl.ləs/ | us | /ˈsoʊl-/ |
In addition
In Welsh words, [ ll ] may be pronounced by English speakers in a variety of different ways. In this dictionary, we suggest
/ hl / (note: h is italicized, but l is not) , which stands both for the phonetic [ɬ] used in Welsh and for the English approximation of either a voiceless or voiced [ l ], and also for the variant /θl/ for British English speakers, e.g.:<Llanberis> | /hlænˈber.ɪs , θlæn-/ | us | /hlæn-/ |
p325. The consonant letter [m] is always realised as /m/.
p347. The consonant digraph [mn] is word or morpheme final and usually realised as /m/, that is, the [n] is silent, e.g.:
<hymn> | /hɪm/ | ||||||
<condemning> | /kənˈdem.iŋ/ |
UKT: Compare the pronunciation of <hymn> with:
• <him> (strong from) /hɪm/; (weak form) /ɪm/.
Note: The strong form is mainly used for contrastive purposes. e.g., "The gift is for him, not her." -- DJPD16 p253.
However, in some cases the [n] is pronounced, particularly (as in the case of <condemnation>) where the vowel following the [n] is in a stressed syllable, e.g.:
<hymnal> | /ˈhɪm.nəl/ | ||||||
<condemnation> | /ˌkɒn.demˈneɪ.ʃən/ | us | /ˌkɑːn-/ |
by UKT
Myanmar {ma.} is the bilabial nasal, and the corresponding bilabial plosives (or stops) are {pa.} (voiceless) and {ba.} (voiced). See IPA consonants.
It is the only Myanmar consonant that forms conjuncts with all the 4 conjunct formers: {ya.} {ra.} {wa.} {ha.}.
{ma.} +
{ya.} —>
—>
{mya.}
{ma.} +
{ra.} —>
—>
{mra.} (commonly pronounced as {mya.}
{ma.} +
{wa.} —>
—>
{mwa.}
{ma.} +
{ha.} —>
—>
{mha.}
None of these conjuncts have counterparts in English, and the only entry in
DJPD16 is:
<Myanmar> /ˈmjæn.mɑːʳ/ (us) /mjɑːnˈmɑːr/.
p358. The consonant letter [n] has two pronunciations: /n/ and /ŋ/. In most contexts, it is realised as /n/, e.g.:
<nail> | /neɪl/ | ||||||
<mine> | /maɪn/ |
Preceding the letters [k], [qu], [x] and [c] realised as /k/, [n] is pronounced /ŋ/, e.g.:
<bank> | /bæŋk/ | ||||||
<anxious> | /ˈæŋk.ʃəs/ |
UKT: The problem met in the English-transliteration of Myanmar {nga.} is due to the absence of a letter corresponding to /ŋ/ in English. The digraph [ng] becomes cumbersome in words like {tin} which should be transliterated as *{tang}. (Note * indicates that transcription {ting} is considered wrong.} And I am forced to transliterate as {tin} dropping the [g].
{ta.} + {nga.} + {athut} —> {ta.} {ng} —> {tang} written as {tin}.
Note that [ang] is changed to [in]
{ta.} + {na.} + {athut} —> {ta.} {n} —> {tan}
Compare the above discussion with the pronunciation of <bank> as /bæŋk/.
However, when [k] is silent, [n] is pronounced as /n/, e.g.:
<unknown> | /ʌnˈnəʊn/ | us | /-ˈnoʊn/ |
p365. The main realisation for the consonant digraph [ng] is /ŋ/, e.g.:
<sing> | /sɪŋ/ | ||||||
<ringing> | /ˈrɪŋ.ɪŋ/ |
Other pronunciations are possible, one being /ŋg/, e.g.:
<finger> | /ˈfɪŋ.gəʳ/ | us | /-gɚ/ | ||||
<English> | /ˈɪŋ.glɪʃ/ |
In addition
In many words spelt [nge], or where [ng] is followed by [i] or [y], the pronunciation is /nʤ/, e.g.:
<change> | /ʧeɪnʤ/ | ||||||
<engine> | /ˈen.ʤɪn/ |
UKT notes
End of TIL file