p091.htm
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary,
by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
-
Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and
Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton,
pp. 627.
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary ,
by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).
Downloaded copies in TIL
HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA),
Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han
and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL
Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
MC-indx.htm |
Top
MCpp-indx.htm
{sa.Na.} /
{sûN}
- cont :
p091c1
{sa.ta.} /
{sût}
{sa.tu.}
p091c2
p091c3
{sa.twa.}
{sa.na.}/
{sûn}
{sûn}
/
{sûn~}
{sûn~da.}
{sûn-dRa.}
Orphans:
30)चतुषटय (p. 67) [kátush-taya] (î) of four kinds, consisting of four; tetrad; set of four.Important txt below:
UKT 190104: Going from BPali-Myan to Skt-Dev, as in{sa.tur}, we find an extra R thrown in. If we assumed that BPali-Myan is Old Magadhi (the language of indigenous population) as being changed into Sanskrit (refined language of the invaders), then we can look at
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R 190401,
----- online 180525 : p091.htm - search for चण्डकर्मन्
UKT notes :
• Game of chess : Bur-Myan style
• Sandrokottos
- Chandragupta Maurya
चन्द्रगुप्त
मौर्य
- grandfather of King Asoka
{sa.Na.}
/ /
{sûN}
- cont
p091c1-b00/ p067-013
• चण्डकर्मन् [ kanda-karman ]
- m. N. of a Râkshasa (acting cruelly); -kirana, m. (hot-rayed), sun;
-ketu,
m. N.; -kausika, m. N. of a son of Kakshîvat; n. T. of a drama;
-ghosha, m. N.;
-tâ, f., -tva, n. passionateness; wrathfulness; -dîdhiti,
m. (hot-rayed), sun; -pota:
-ka, m. N. of an elephant; -prabha, m. N.; -bhugaṅga,
m. N.; -mahâsena, m.
N. of a prince; -rava, m. N. of a jackal (yelling fiercely); -rasmi,
m.
(hot-rayed), sun; -varman, m. N. of a prince; -vikrama, m. N. of a prince;
-sîla,
a. choleric; -simha, m. N. of a prince; -‿amsu, m. (hot-rayed), sun.
13)
p091c1-b01/ p067-012
• चण्डाल [ kandâla ]
-->
{sûN~ða-la.}
Skt: चण्डाल
[ kandâla ]
-- m. man of the lowest stratum of
society, universally despised and shunned; a
mixed caste, offspring of Sûdra and Brâhmanî; --° ,
a good-for-nothing --;
â, î, f. Kandâla woman. -- Mac091c1
12)
Nep: चण्डाल् caṇḍāl
or cāṇḍāl, -- s. outcast; executioner; adj. accursed,
damned. - Turn-Nep164
BPal:
{sûN~ða-la.} -- UHS-PMD0380
UKT from UHS read with MLC-MED2006-216
- m. grave-digger; beggar
p091c1-b02/p067-011
• चण्डिका [ kand-ikâ ]
- f. ep. of Durgâ; temple of Durgâ: -griha, n. temple of Durgâ.
11)
p091c1-b03/p067-010
• चण्डिमन् [ kand-i-man ]
- m. heat; passionateness [UKT: sex-offender], fierceness, cruelty.
10)
p091c1-b04/ not online
• चण्डीकृ [kandî-kri]
Skt: चण्डीकृ [kandî-kri]
-- enrage - Mac091c1
Skt: चण्डीकृ «caṇḍīkṛ» - 8 U. to enrage, make angry or violent, provoke -
SktDict:Apte
p091c1-b05/ p067-009
• चण्डीपति [ kandî-pati ]
- m. ep. of Siva; -‿îsa, m. id.; -‿îsvara, id.;
-stotra, n. T. of a poem
in praise of Durgâ.
9)
p091c1-b06
• [kandâ‿îsvara]
-- m. ep. of Siva
UKT 180527, 190401: Siva-déva the Supremeo [Creator, Maintainer, and Destroyer] of the Shaivite Hindus has been given the ep. «caṇḍā‿īṣvara». As a Theravada-Buddhist how should I look upon him? Follow the meanings of the compound word from its components:
• [kandâ] --> चण्दा
¤ SpkSkt: चण्ड «caṇḍa» - adj. cruel, passionate (sexually?), angry, impetuous, violent, ardent with passion (sexually demanding), zealous, fierce, cirumcised (a follower of Judaism or Islam), hot. n. heat, violence, wrath, passion
¤ SktDic: does not give both चण्दा and चण्ड
¤ TBenfey: ??? chanḍa (a dialectical form of chand+ra). adj. ¹. Flaming. ². Violent. ³. Passionate. 4. Wrathful. 5. Cruel. n. a name of Siva, ...• [ îsvara] --> ईश्वर [ îs-vará ] = ई श ् व र
¤ ईश्वर [ îs-vará ] = ई श ् व र
- a. able to, capable of (inf., lc.; w. inf. in -tas the nm. sg. m. is used for all genders and numbers); m. owner of (g., lc., --°); ruler, lord, prince, king; man of rank, rich man; husband; supreme god; Brahman; Siva - Macp047-1c3
{sa.ta.}
/
{sût}
p091c1-b07/ p067-008
• चत् [ kat ]
- only pr. pt. kátat and pp. kattá, hide (int.);
cs. kâtáya, drive away.
pra, vi, cs. Â. id.
8)
• चतुर «catura»
- adj. prudent, clever, skilful - SpkSkt
p091c1-b08
• [kátasri] or [katasrí]
-- f. of katur
{sa.tu.}
p091c1-b09
• चतु:र [katuh-ka] -pa
- v. katush-ka, -pa, etc.
p091c1-b10/ p067-007
• चतुर्
catur [ katúr ]
= च त ु र ् -->
{sa.tur}
Skt: चतुर्
[ katúr ]
-- num. m. n. pl. four. - Mac094c1
7)
BPal:
{sa.tu.} -- UHS-PMD0381
UKT from UHS: mfn.
num. four. four items.
UKT 190104: Going from BPali-Myan to Skt-Dev, as in
See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linking_and_intrusive_R 190401,
p091c1-b11/ p067-006
• चतुर [ kat-ura ]
- a. quick, swift; dexterous, clever, ingenious, crafty; charming; n.
cleverness: -ka, a. (ikâ) dexterous, clever; m. N. of a jackal;
f. N. of a
woman.
6)
p091c1-b12/ p067-005
• चतुरक्ष [ katur-akshá ]
- a. (&isharp;) four-eyed.
5)
p091c1-b13/ p067-004
• चतुरक्षर [ kátur-akshara ]
- a. having four syllables; n. aggregate of four syllables.
4)
p091c1-b14/ p067-003
• चतुरङ्ग [ kátur-aṅga ]
- a. having four members: -m balam, n. complete army (consisting of
infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots); â, f. army consisting of these four
arms; n. id.; chess: -bala‿adhipatya, n. command of a complete army.
3)
UKT 141016, 190401: See my note on Myanmar game of chess imitating a complete army
(consisting of infantry, cavalry, elephants, and chariots). And on Chinese Chess, which includes cannons
- A tribute to my father, U Tun Pe and his friends.
p091c1-b15/ p067-002
• चतुरङ्गिन् [ katur-aṅgin ]
- a. consisting of four parts.
2)
p091c1-b16/ p067-001
• चतुरता [ katura-tâ ]
- f. cleverness, craftiness, shrewdness.
1)
p091c1-b17/ p067-022
• चतुरनीक [ kátur-anîka ]
- a. four-faced; -anta, a. bounded on all four sides (by the sea):
â, f.
earth; -asra, a. square; regular, harmonious: -tâ, f. harmony,
-sobhin, a.
harmoniously beautiful; -asri, a. square; -ahá, m. period of four days;
-âtman,
a. having four forms or faces; -ânana, a. four-faced, ep. of
Brahma Brahman; -uttará,
a. increasing by four.
22)
UKT 190402: Thai-Buddhists represent their Brahma with 4 faces, after the fashion of Hinduism, whereas Myanmar-Buddhists represent their Brahmas (plural) with a single face. Myanmar-Buddhists consider the Brahmas to be the residents of Brahma-Lokas (planes of existence). The Brahma-Loka is divided into 2 kinds: 16 planes for the Rupa-Brahmas (some likened them to be material worlds), and 4 planes for the Arupa-Brahmas (to be immaterial or energy-worlds).
See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology_of_the_Theravada_school#Brahmā_Planes 190402
"14 - Great Brahmas (Maha brahma): One of this realm's most famous inhabitants is the Great Brahma, a deity whose delusion leads him to regard himself as the all-powerful, all-seeing creator of the Universe. According to the Brahmajāla Sutta, a Mahā brahmā is a being from the Ābhāsvara worlds who falls into a lower world through exhaustion of his merits and is reborn alone in the Brahma-world; forgetting his former existence, he imagines himself to have come into existence without cause."
Note: some Myanmar Buddhists regard the Great Brahma to be the Christian God. I must point out that such views can bring about friction between Buddhists and Christians instead of unity.
p091c1-b18/ p067-021
• चतुर्गुण [ kátur-guna ]
- a. fourfold.
21)
p091c1-b19/ p067-020
• चतुर्थ [ katur-thá ]
- a. (&isharp;) fourth: -m, ad. the fourth time; n. fourth part;
î, f.
fourth day in a fortnight; fourth wedding day.
20)
p091c1-b20/ p067-019
• चतुर्थकाल [ katurtha-kâla ]
- m. fourth meal time: -m, lc. = on the evening of the second day;
-kâlika,
a. eating the fourth meal only; -bhâg, a. receiving a fourth part as tribute.
19)
p091c1-b21/ p067-018
• चतुर्थांश [ katurtha‿amsa ]
- m. fourth part; a. receiving a fourth; -‿amsin, a. id.
18)
p091c1-b22/ p067-017
• चतुर्थीकर्मन् [
katurthî-karman ]
- n. ceremony of the fourth wedding day.
17)
p091c2-b00
• [ katur-danta ]
- m. N. of an elephant
p091c2-b01/ p067-016
• चतुर्दश [ katur-dasá ]
- a. (î) fourteenth; consisting of fourteen; î, f. fourteenth day of a
fortnight: -dasa-dhã, ad. fourteenfold; -dasán (or ká-),
num. fourteen; -dasama,
a. fourteenth; -dasarká, a. hvg. fourteen verses; -dârikâ,
f. N. of the fifth lambaka in the Kathâsaritsâgara; -dikkam, ad. to the four quarters;
-disam, ad.
id.; -dvâra-mukha, a. (î) having four gates as mouths; -dhâ,
ad. in four parts;
fourfold.
16)
p091c2-b02/ p067-015
• चतुर्बाहु [ katur-bâhu ]
- a. four-armed; -bila, a. having four apertures; -bhâgá,
m. fourth,
quarter; -bhuga, a. four-armed, ep. of Vishnu or Krishna;
-bhûmika, a.
four-storied; -mâsî, f. period of four months; -mukha, a. four-faced;
ep. of
Brahma Brahman, Vishnu, and Siva:
-samîrita, pp. uttered by the four mouths; -muhûrtam,
ac. for four muhûrtas; -mûrti, a. having four forms or faces;
-yuga, n. the four
ages; a. comprising the four ages; -vaktra, a. four-faced;
ep. of an attendant
of Durgâ; -varga, m. aggregate of four: esp. the four goods of life, the good (artha),
the pleasant (kâma), the useful (artha), and final liberation (moksha): -kintâmani,
m. T. of a work; -varna-maya, a. consisting of the four castes;
-varsha-sata‿âyus, a. attaining an age of 400 years; -vimsá, a. (î)
twenty-fourth; consisting of twenty-four; m. N. of a stoma in which three verses
are chanted eight times; n. the day on which it is employed; -vimsat,
f.
twenty-four; (kátur)-vimsati, f. sg. and (rarely) pl. id.:
-kritvas, ad.
twenty-four times, -tama, a. twenty-fourth, y-aha, m. sg. twenty-four days;
-vimsika,
n. = katur-vimsa, m.; -vidha, a. fourfold: -m,
ad.; -vîra, m. kind of Soma rite
lasting four days; -veda, m. pl. the four Vedas; a. containing or familiar with
the four Vedas; -vedin, a. versed in the four Vedas; (kátur)-hanu,
a.
four-jawed.
15)
© चतुर्वर्ग
«caturvarga» [ katur-varga]
Skt: m. aggregate of four:
esp. the four goods of life, the good (artha),
the pleasant (kâma),
the useful (artha),
and final liberation (moksha) -- Mac091c2
Skt: चतुर्वर्ग
«caturvarga» - m. collection of 4 things - SpkSkt
BPal:
{sa.tu.wag~ga.} -- UHS-PMD0383
UKT from UHS: m - collection of 4 things or persons.
UKT 141017: What Macdonell has given of the above word is a philosophical idea of Hinduism. The word "moksha" in Hinduism means something entirely different (and opposite) from Theravada "Nibbana", and Mahayana "Nirvana".
A Sanskrit work with the above name is: Chaturvarga Chintamani , vol.1 (37248), by Author: Khanda, Dana , in Sanskrit, Published by : Asiatic Society of Bengal; Calcutta; 1873 , p970
p091c2-b03/ p067-014
• चतुश्््चत्वारिंश [ katus-katvârimsá ]
- a. (î), forty fourth; kátus-katvârimsat, f. forty-four.
14)
p091c2-b04/ p067-033
• चतुःशत [ kátuh-sata ]
- n. one hundred and four; four hundred; -sapha, a. four-hoofed;
-sâla,
a. containing rooms on all four sides; m. building with square court in the
middle: -ka, i-kâ, f. court with four rooms (one on each side);
-srotra, a.
four-eared.
33)
p091c2-b05/ p067-032
• चतुष्क [ katush-ka ]
- a. consisting of four; increased by four (-sata, n. 104 = 4 per cent);
m. N.; n. tetrad, set of four things; kind of hall resting on four columns;
square reception room; -karna, a. heard by four ears only:
-tâ, f. in. in
confidence.
32)
p091c2-b06/ p067-031
• चतुष्किका [ katushk-ikâ ]
- f. tetrad; hall resting on four pillars.
31)
p091c2-b07/ not online
• चतुष्टय [ kátush-taya ]
- a. (î) of four kinds, consisting of four; tetrad; set of four.
p091c2-b08/ p067-029
• चतुष्पञ्च [ katush-pañka ]
- pl. four or five; -pañkâsat, f. fifty-four;
-pathá, m. n. place where
four roads meet.
29)
p091c2-b09/ p067-028
• चतुष्पद् kátush-pad, -˚पाद् [ -pâd ]
- a. (f. -padî ) four-footed; consisting of four parts or padas;
f.
having taken four steps; m. n. quadruped; -pada, a. four-footed; having four pâdas;
m. quadruped; -pâda, a. (î) four-footed; m. quadruped;
-puta, a. having
four folds.
28)
p091c2-b10/ p067-027
• चतुःषष्टि [ katuh-shashti ]
- f. sixty-four: -tama, a. sixty-fourth, y-aṅga,
a. having
sixty-four parts; -shtomá, m. stoma of four parts each increasing by four
verses; a. connected with a fourfold stoma.
27)
p091c2-b11/ p067-026
• चतुस् [ katús ]
- ad. four times.
26)
p091c3-b00/ p067-025
• चतुस्त्रिंश [
katus-trimsá ]
- a. (î) thirty-fourth; containing thirty-four; (kátus)-trimsat,
f.
thirty-four; -tri-dvi‿eka-bhâga, a. receiving four, three, two, or one part.
25)
p091c3-b01// p067-024
• चतुःसंधि [ katuh-samdhi ]
- a. composed of four parts; (kátuh)-samudra, a. (î) bounded by four
seas; (kátuh)-sahasra, n. four thousand.
24)
p091c3-b02
• चतूरात्र [katû-râtrá]
Skt: चतूरात्र [katû-râtrá]
-- four days; -m , ac. for four days. - Mac091c3
Skt: चतूरात्र «catūrātra» -- lasting 4 days - SpkSkt
{sa.twa.}
p091c3-b03/ p067-023
• चत्वर [ katvar-á ]
- m. n. square, courtyard.
23)
p091c3-b04/ p067-045
• चत्वार् [ katvãr ]
- str. st. of katur, m. n. pl. four.
45)
p091c3-b05/ p067-044
• चत्वारिंश [ katvârim-sá ]
- a. (&isharp;) fortieth; -sat, f. forty; -sati,
f. id.; -san-mâna, n.
having a weight of forty.
44)
{sa.na.}/
{sûn}
p091c3-b06/ not online
• चन् [ kan ],
- only aor. kanishtám and kánishtat
, rejoice in (lc.) ; gladden
p091c3-b07/ p067-043
• चन cana
[ ka-ná (SV. ka ná) ]
Skt: चन [ ka-ná (SV. ka ná) ]
-- immediately following emphasized word: V. not even;
without neg. meaning (rare) also;
after neg. even; C. (= kid) only after
interrogatives in indefinite sense, even, at all. - Mac091c1
43)
BPal:
{sa.na.} - UHS-PMD0384
UKT from UHS: a phrase describing a part
p091c3-b08/ p067-042
• चनस् [ kán-as ]
- n. gladness: only with dhâ, rejoice in (ac., lc.); grant.
42)
p091c3-b09 / p067-041
• चनस्य [
kanas-yá ]
- den. P. rejoice in (ac.):
pp. kanasita,
welcome! (voc.); gentle -(with
N. of Brâhman
{poaN~Na:}, or, according to some, with that
of a Kshatriya or Vaisya).
41)
p091c3-b10/ p067-040
• चनिष्ठ
[ kán-ishtha ]
- spv. very welcome, very gracious.
40)
{sûn} /
{sûn~}
p091c3-b11/ p067-039
• चन्द्
[ KAND ]
= च न ् द ्
- v. SKAND, shine.
39)
{sûn~da.}
p091c3-b12/ p067-038
• चन्दन [ kand-ana ]
= च न ् द न
- m. n. sandal tree, wood, powder, or ointment: -ka, m. N.;
-dâsa, m. N.;
-paṅka, m. sandal ointment; -pâta, m. application of sandal ointment;
-pura,
n. N. of a town; -maya, a. made of sandal wood; consisting of sandal ointment;
-rasa,
m., -vâri, n. fluid essence of sandal wood; -‿adri,
m. sandal mountain, the
Malaya range.
38)
© चन्दन
candana [ kand-ana ]
= च न ् द न
Skt: चन्दन [kand-ana ]
-- m. n. sandal tree, wood, powder, or ointment:
-- Mac091c3
BPal:
{sûn~da.na.} - UHS-PMD0384
UKT from UHS: n. sandal-wood tree or timber
p091c3-b13/ p067-037
• चन्दनाय [ kandanâ-ya ]
- den. Â. become a sandal tree.
37)
p091c3-b14/ p067-036
• चन्दनोदक [ kandana‿udaka ]
- n. fluid essence of sandal wood.
36)
UKT 141016: Since steam-distillation (chemical process) in one form or another was well known in ancient India, I would translate the above as "Sandal-wood oil". In our usual method of application, a piece of sandal-wood is rubbed against a stone surface with application of water. The resulting paste thinned with more addition of water is applied to the human face. After adding more water to produce an "extract" it is sprinkled on sacred objects. The paste can be extended with paste of Thanakha.
p091c3-b15
• चन्दला [kanda-lâ ]
- f. N. of a woman
{sûn-dRa.}
p091c3-b16/ not online
• चन्द्र
[ kand-rá ]
= च न ् द ् र -->
{sûn-dRa.}
- a. shining, bright; lovely; m. moon (also as a deity); --° = chief
among --; N.; n. gold: a-ka, m. (--° a. ikâ) moon; eye in a peacock's tail;
N.; -kalâ, f. sixteenth part of the moon's disc (as seen on the day before or
after new moon); -kânta, a. lovely as the moon; m. moon-stone (a fabulous gem
formed of the congealed rays of the moon, glittering & exuding cool moisture in
moon light only): -mani-maya, a. made of moon stone, -maya, a. id.
35)
© चन्द्र
[ kand-rá ]
Skt: चन्द्र ( {sûn-dra.})
- a. shining, bright; lovely; m. moon (also as a deity) --
MaC091c3
BPal:
{sûn-da.} - UHS PMD0384
UKT from UHS: m. Moon, Monday-Planet-god .
UKT 160227: A Planet-god can be a Déva or an Asura who are mortal enemies in Védic astrology. However the Asuras are demonized by later Sanskrit priests.
p091c3-b17/ p067-034
• चन्द्रकित [ kandrak-ita ]
- pp. marked with moon-shaped spots.
34)
UKT 141016: I wonder what Macdonell means by "moon-shaped". It can be crescents implying something magic and malevolent . It can also be full-circles implying perfection and benevolence . The moon-shaped ornament on Shiva's head shows his darker side.
p091c3-b18/ p067-046
• चन्द्रकुल्या [
kandra-kulyâ ]
- f. N. of a river; -ketu, m. N.; -kshaya, m. new moon;
-gupta, m. N. of
various kings, esp. the Sandrokottos who flourished about 300 B.C.:
-ka, m.
id.; -kûda, a. moon-crested, ep. of Siva; -kûdâmani,
m. T. of a work; -tva, n.
likeness to the moon; -deva, m. N. of a Brâhman; -pâda, m. moon-beam;
-pura, n.
N. of a town; -prabha, m., â, f. N.; -prâsâda,
m. room on the roof; -bimba, n.
disc of the moon: -maya, a. consisting of moon-discs; -bhâgâ,
f. N. of a river;
-mandala, n. moon-disc; -maya, a. (î) being altogether moon; (á)-mas,
m. moon;
moon-god (represented as a Dânava or as one of the eight Vasus); -mâsa,
m. lunar
month; -mukuta, m. (moon-crested), ep. of Siva; -mukha,
m. N.; mauli, -maulin,
m. (moon crested), ep. of Siva.
46)
See my note on Sandrokottos
(p091c3end)
-- UKT 141016:
During the earlier years of WWII, Myanmarpré enjoyed some months of peace. Of course there were skirmishes between the Japanese and the Western Allied forces in the frontiers. There were no highway robbers, and no bombing by the Allies. My family was in Kyangin on the Irrawaddy river and my father used to play Myanmar chess with his friend U Myint and I usually accompanied him on his visits to play chess.
The chess-men were wooden pieces about
2 inches high, coloured vermillion red
and black. The board was a low table
set between the players and the players
would be sitting on a large reed mat.
Of course there were two kings, and two
generals. It seems that the Myanmar
queens were peaceful and unlike their
western cousins left the business of war
to their man folk. There were no castles
and their place was taken by chariots.
There were elephants and horses. The
foot-soldiers were known as
{nèý} 'the frontier'.
UKT 190401: My father U Tun Pe, at one time in Kungyangoan town where I was born, was an avid player of Chinese Majong, and Chinese "poker". He played with the Chinese merchants in the town, and they considered him to be their equal. I remember a particular friend of his "Ko Sw i Kok" whose daughter Ma Tin Myint became one of my Engineering students in RIT (Rangoon Inst. of Technology). Incidentally she eventually became the Professor and Head of Chemical Engineering Dept.
According to my father, the Chinese chess is quite unique in having the Canon which is natural because they were inventers of gun-powder. My father said the cards in the poker and the pieces in chess are the same, and the Canon is called "Hpaún" and is marked with a circle. As a child of under 5, I used to accompany him when he went to play Majong and Poker with his Chinese friends. All gone but never to be forgotten. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiangqi 190401
"The game represents a battle between two armies, with the object of capturing the enemy's general (king). Distinctive features of xiangqi include the cannon (pao), which must jump to capture; a rule prohibiting the generals from facing each other directly; areas on the board called the river and palace, which restrict the movement of some pieces (but enhance that of others) ..."
I am sorry to say that I do not know rules of Myanmar chess.
With this little note I pay my respects to U Myint who I saw last in 1946, after the War, when he came to visit our house in East Rangoon.
Go back game-chess-note-b
-- UKT 140901:
Greek pronunciation of
"Sandrokottos" च
should be pronounced as
{sa.}. The Skt-Dev of the name is:
चन्द्रगुप्त
मौर्य
. Taking the first part:
चन्द्र
= च न ् द ् र ,
we get {sûn~ðra.}
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Maurya 120214
Chandragupta Maurya (Skt: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य ; Hindi: चन्द्रगुप्त मौर्य), (born c. 340 BCE, ruled c. 320 BCE, [2] – 298 BCE [3]) was the founder of the Maurya Empire. He succeeded in conquering most of the Indian subcontinent and is considered the first unifier of India as well as its first genuine emperor. [4] In foreign Greek and Latin accounts, Chandragupta is known as Sandrokyptos (Σανδρόκυπτος), Sandrokottos (Σανδρόκοττος) or Androcottus. [5]
Prior to Chandragupta's consolidation of power, small regional kingdoms dominated the northwestern subcontinent, while the Nanda Dynasty dominated the middle and lower basin of the Ganges. [6] After Chandragupt's conquests, the Maurya Empire extended from Bengal and Assam [7] in the east, to Afghanistan and Balochistan in the west, to Kashmir and Nepal [8] in the north, and to the Deccan Plateau in the south. [9] [UKT ¶]
UKT120241, 170717: According to Glass Palace Chronicle, the Pyu kingdoms, particularly that of Tagaung would have been flourishing. If so, why didn't Chandragupta extend his territory further to the east. My conjecture is, Chandragupta war tactics were based on his four-fold army: the chariots, the war-elephants, the war-horses and infantry. His army would have been useless in the tropical jungles surrounding the Pyu cities. Moreover, the mountain-ranges between Bengal-Assam and Burma were very difficult to cross, and there was a very virulent kind of malaria that could kill a person overnight which must have given rise to the stories of the sorcerers, magicians and the weretigers in the valley below the mountains.
See ¤ Section 08 - Geography{pa.hta.wi-wín} - geog-indx >
and read: PHY-GEOG: Physical Geography of Myanmarpré - phy-geog.htm (link chk 190402)
- MALARIA: Malaria and other diseases as sentinels of Myanmarpré - malaria.htm (link chk 190402)
Tradition holds that Chandragupta abdicated his throne to become a [Jain] monk and led such an ascetic life that he starved himself to death. Whether or not this is factually accurate, he was succeeded by his son in 297 BC.
Chandragupta's achievements, which ranged from conquering Macedonian satrapies in the northwest and conquering the Nanda Empire by the time he was only about 20 years old, to achieving an alliance with Seleucus I Nicator [ca. 358 BC – 281 BC] and establishing centralized rule throughout South Asia, remain some of the most celebrated in the history of India. [UKT ¶]
UKT 141017: We usually heap praises and accusations on the top person - usually the king. But the exploits of the leader depends on his most able advisor usually a person of high learning. In the case of Chandragupta, it was his able minister Chenaka (c. 370 – c. 283 BCE) who not only played the kingmaker but his military tactician, his economist, and his medical advisor. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakya 141017
Over two thousand years later, the accomplishments of Chandragupta stand out in the history of South Asia.
UKT120214: Chandragupta's empire was a very extensive one, and his subjects would be speaking different languages. Was there a lingua franca as Latin was in the Roman Empire? Was it Vedic [slowly dying out?] or Classical Sanskrit and how was it written: in Asoka's script aka Brahmi? Presumably, the Brahmin scribes or secretaries probably trained by Chanakya himself would be in every court to conduct the administration of the Empire.
UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.
Go back Sandrokottos-note-b
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