Update: 2020-05-25 02:09 AM -0400

TIL

Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus

p064-2.htm

• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg; 1929.
- Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
- https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F. Edgerton, pp. 627.
- FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary , by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx).  Downloaded copies in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
- UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> / bkp<Ô> (link chk 190113)
•  Pali-Myanmar Dictionary (in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
- HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 190624)

Edited by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL). Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL  Research Station, Yangon, MYANMAR 
 - http://www.tuninst.net , www.romabama.blogspot.com 

MC-indx.htm | Top
MCpp-indx.htm

Contents of this page

  p064c2 : the followings are approximants and fricatives
  {kar~wa.} कर्व - approximant (semi-consonant)
  {kar~sha.} कर्श - fricative husher
  {kar~Sa.} कर्ष - fricative hisser 
  {kar~ha.} कर्ह - fricative pharyngeal 
{ka.la.} कल
{ka.la} कला
  p064c3
{ka.li.} कलि
{ka.lu.} कलु
{ka.lé} कले
  {kal~ka.} : Lepha form - Super L (compare: कल्क «kalka» & कर्क «karka»
  {kal~pa.} क्लप

• See my note on Repha and Lepha on p063-2.htm 
with example of Lepha on short a , कल्क «kalka» opposing Repha , कर्क «karka» 'white, good' .
BHS entries: none on 190218

Skt Roots: entered below:
Whit017: √kal, 'drive, produce', etc.;

UKT notes :
• Kalpa
• Kalinga kingdom and Burma : Brahmi script
• Number 60 : its multiples and fractions

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p064c2

{kar~wa.} कर्व

• p064c2-b00/uchg p052- कर्वट  
कर्वट [ karvata ]
- n. market-place.

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{kar~sha.} कर्श - husher

• p064c2-b01/uchg p052- कर्शन
कर्शन [ kars-ana ]
- a. making lean; harassing (--°);
  -ita, cs. pp. √kris.

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{kar~Sa.} कर्ष - hisser

• p064c2-b02/uchg p052-कर्ष 
कर्ष [ karsh-a ]
- m. dragging; ploughing; a weight ( = 16 mâshas);
  -aka, a. dragging about, harassing (--°); ploughing, cultivating; m. busbandman;
  -ana, a. = karshaka: n. bringing; driving out; pulling; tormenting; ploughing, agriculture; bending a bow;
  -in, a. dragging along; inviting; ploughing; m. cultivator; -&usharp;, f. furrow; trench; incision.

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{kar~ha.} कर्ह

• p064c2-b03/ not online 
[ká-rhi ]
- when? with

© कर्हि «karhi»
Skt: [ká-rhi ] - when? with
Skt: कर्हि «karhi» - ind. when? at what time? - SpkSkt

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{ka.la.} कल

√kal, 'drive, produce', etc. - Whit017
  Sec. Conj.: Caus. kalayati etc. s.+, -te etc. b.+ (kalyate etc. s. +) — kalayati etc. e. +, -te etc. c.

• p064c2-b04/ not online
कल् [ kal ]
- x. p. (â.) kalaya ; E. generally kâlaya , impel, urge, drive; hold, bear; do, perform, utter; attach, fasten; observe, regard; reflect; believe in; consider, recognise as (2 ac.):
  pp. kalita, furnished with (-°), â , shake, toss; hold fast; fasten; perceive; examine; reflect; believe in; regard as (2 ac.).
  prati‿â , count up, enumerate. ud ,
  pp. utkalita , opened, flowering. pari , devour; regard as. sam , be of opinion. ut-sam , pp. urged, commissioned

• p064c2-b05/uchg p052-कल 
कल [ kala ]
- a. dumb; indistinct; inarticulate; choked with tears (--°); low, soft (note); uttering a soft sound: -m, ad.;
 -kanthikâ, f. female cuckoo;
 -kala, m. confused noise or cry:
 -rava, -‿ârava, m. id., -vat, a. tinkling.

• p064c2-b06/uchg p052-कलङ्क 
कलङ्क [ kalaṅk-a ]
- m. spot, blemish, stain, rust:
  -lekhâ, f. streak of rust;
  -aya, den. P. stain, defile, disgrace:
  -in, a. defiled, disgraced.

• p064c2-b07/ not online
[kalañga]
- m. a plant

• p064c2-b08/uchg p052-कलत्र 
कलत्र [ kala-tra ]
- n. wife; female animal; hip; loin:
  -tâ, f. wifehood;
  -vat, a. having a wife; united with his wife or wives.

• p064c2-b09/ not online
[kalatr-in]
- a. id.

• p064c2-b10/uchg p052-कलधौत 
कलधौत [ kala-dhauta ]
- n. (sounding & bright), gold; silver.

© कलधौत «kaladhauta» 
Skt: कलधौत [ kala-dhauta ] - n. (sounding & bright), gold; silver. - Mac064c2
Skt: कलधौत «kaladhauta»  - adj. golden. m.n. low or pleasing tone. n. gold and silver - SpkSkt

• p064c2-b11/uchg p052-कलन 
कलन [ kal-ana ]
- a. producing, effecting (--°);
  â, f. impelling; gesture; n. shaking, agitation.

• p064c2-b12/uchg p052-कलभ 

• कलभ [ kala-bha ]
- m. young elephant or camel:
  -ka, m. id. (--°).

• p064c2-b13/uchg p052-कलभाषिन््
कलभाषिन्् [ kala-bhâshin ]
- a. speaking softly.

• p064c2-b14/uchg p052-कलम
कलम [ kalama ]
- m. species of rice:
  -gopavadhû, f. female rice-watcher.

See my note on Kalama Sutta {ka-la-ma. þoat}

• p064c2-b15/uchg p052-कलरव 
कलरव [ kala-rava ]
- m. soft note.

• p064c2-b16/uchg p052-कलविङ्क 
कलविङ्क [ kala-víṅka ]
- m. sparrow; Indian cuckoo.

• p064c2-b17/uchg p052-कलश 

• कलश [ kalása ]
- m. pot, jar; bowl, cup (also î); tub; dome-shaped roof:
  -yoni, m. ep. of Agastya & of Drona.

© कलश «kalaśa»
Skt: कलश [ kalása ]  - m. pot, jar; bowl, cup (also î); tub; dome-shaped roof - Mac064c2
Skt: कलश «kalaśa» - m. churn [UKT: butter churn?] - SpkSkt
BPal: {ka.la.þa.} - UHS PMD0300
  UKT from UHS: m. water-pot, woman-breast (mammary gland)

• p064c2-b18/uchg p052-कलशि 
कलशि [ kalas-i ]
- f. churn.

• p064c2-b19/uchg p052-कलशोदक 
कलशोदक [ kalasa‿udaka ]
- n. water in a jar.

• p064c2-b20/uchg p052-कलह
कलह [ kalaha ]
- m. dispute, quarrel.

• p064c2-b21/uchg p052-कलहंस 
कलहंस [ kala-hamsa ]
- m., î, f. kind of duck, goose or swan;
  -ka, m. id. dim.; -tâ, f. abst. ɴ.

• p064c2-b22/uchg p052-कलहकण्टक 
कलहकण्टक [ kalaha-kantaka ]
- m. N.; -kâra, a. (î) quarrelsome;
  -priya, a. id.;
  -vat, a. quarrelling with (saha).

• p064c2-b23/uchg p052-कलहाय 
कलहाय [ kalahâya ]
- den. Â. dispute, quarrel.

• p064c2-b24/uchg p052- कलहिन्् 
कलहिन्् [ kalah-in ]
- a. quarrelsome.

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{ka.la} कला

p064c2-b25/uchg p052-कला  

• कला [ kalã ]
- f. small part, esp. one-sixteenth; sixteenth part of the moon's disc;
 interest on capital; small division of time (ranging between 8 seconds and about 2 1/2 minutes according to different statements);
 artistic skill; art (of which there are 64);
  -keli, a. practising an art as an amusement;
  -gña, a. understanding an art or the arts; m. artist;
  -dhara, a. possessing an art or the arts; m. moon;
  -nâtha, m. moon; -nidhi, m. id.

See my note on Number-60 : its multiples and fractions

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p064c3

• p064c3-b01/uchg p052-कलान्तर
कलान्तर [ kalâ‿antara ]
- n. interest (on capital).

• p064c3-b02/uchg p052-कलाप 
कलाप [ kalâ-pa ]
- m. (what holds together the parts), band; bundle; quiver; peacock's tail; ornament; totality:
  -ka, m. string, band,
  -varman, m. N.; -pin, m. peacock.

• p064c3-b03/uchg p052-कलाभर 
कलाभर [ kalâ-bhara ]
- m. artist;
  -bhrit, m. id.;
  -vat, m. moon; -vid, a. = kalâ-gña .

• p064c3-b04/uchg p052-कलालाप  
कलालाप [ kala‿âlâpa ]
- m. gentle tone of voice.

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{ka.li.} कलि

• p064c3-b05/uchg p052- कलि 
कलि [ káli ]
- m. die or side of a die marked with one point (also personified);
  the fourth and worst age of the world; dissension, strife (also personified).

• p064c3-b06/uchg p052-कलिका
कलिका [ kal-ikâ ]
- f. sixteenth part of the moon's disc; bud.

• p064c3-b07/uchg p052-कलिकाता 
कलिकाता [ kalikâtâ ]
- f. Calcutta.

UKT 140220: The present-day English spelling is 'Kolkata'. However from the Dev-to-IPA we get /ka li ka ta/ - made up of 4 syllables. I wonder if the second has been made into a super-L (which I would like to call  'lepha') similar to repha (or super-R). If it were so, following the {kïn:si:} type of writing we should write {kal~ka-ta}-lepha. In the process we note that /li/ has been changed to /la/ and then into /l/. The traditional way would be . We used to spell it as {ka.la.kût~ta:} .

• p064c3-b08/uchg p052-कलिङ्ग 
कलिङ्ग [ kaliṅga ]
- m. pl. N. of a people; country of the Kaliṅgas;
   -ka, -desa, m. country of the Kaliṅgas.

See my note on Kalinga kingdom and Magadha kingdom at the time of Kalinga War which converted King Asoka from Jainism to Buddhism.

• p064c3-b09/ not online
[kaliñgara]
- m. N. of a king; N. of a locality

• p064c3-b10/uchg p052-कलितचरण
कलितचरण [ kalita-karana ]
- a. broken-legged.

• p064c3-b11/uchg p052कलिद्रुम  
कलिद्रुम [ kali-druma ]
- m. tree of strife; N. of a tree.

• p064c3-b12/uchg p052- कलिन्द  
कलिन्द [ kalinda ]
- m. N. of a mountain on which the Yamunâ rises;
  -kanyâ, f. the Yamunâ;
  -‿âtmagâ, f. id.

• p064c3-b13/uchg p052-कलियुग  
कलियुग «kaliyuga» [kali-yuga] 
Skt: कलियुग [kali-yuga] - n. the fourth or Kali age. -- Mac064c3
Skt: कलियुग «kaliyuga» - n. kali age aka कर्मज «karmaja» -- SpkSkt
BPal: {ka.li.yu.ga.}
- - UHS-PMD0301
  UKT from UHS: n. a time-period that is evil, evil era, {ka.li.yoag}

UKT 140219, 181218, 200202: In this world cycle, we are supposed to go into four periods of Time. The fourth and the worst is the Kali Yuga कलियुग «kaliyuga» {ka.li.yu.ga.} --> {ka.li.yoag} . See Wikipedia:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Yuga 181218
"Kali Yuga is associated with the demon Kali (not to be confused with the goddess Kālī). The "Kali" of Kali Yuga means "strife", "discord", "quarrel" or "contention".   According to Puranic sources, [2] Krishna's departure marks the end of Dvapara Yuga and the start of Kali Yuga, which is dated to 17/18 February 3102  BCE. [3]"
UKT personal note: I remember, during the WWII, my father's orthodox Burmese-Buddhist friends (who believed in Kali Yoag), making the remark that "we were in the Kali Age" - to the amusement of my father.

• p064c3-b14/uchg p052- कलिल  
कलिल [ kal-ila ]
- a. filled with, full of (in., --°); m. confusion.

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{ka.lu.} कलु

• p064c3-b15/uchg p052-कलुष 
कलुष [ kal-usha ]
- a. dirty; impure; turbid, dim; husky, choked; --°, unable;
  n. dirt, impurity;
  -ketas, -mati, a. impure-minded.

• p064c3-b16/uchg p052- कलुषाय 
कलुषाय [ kalushâ-ya ]
- den. Â. grow dim.

• p064c3-b17/ not online
[kalushî-kri ]
- dim, dirty, pollute;
 -bhû , become dirty or polluted

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{ka.lé} कले

• p064c3-b18/uchg p052-कलेवर
• कलेवर [ kalevara ]
Skt: कलेवर [ kalevara ] - (m.) n. body. - Mac151029
BPal: {ka.lé-wa.ra.} - UHS PMD0301
   UKT from UHS: m.n. rotting corpse 

( end of old p064-2.htm )

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{kal~ka.} कल्क : Lepha

UKT 151029: As stated in my note on Repha and "Lepha" on p063.htm , I am in a quandary as to how to represent the word कल्क [ kalka ] in Myanmar akshara. Aks-to-aks transliteration gives {kal~ka.} from which I have arrived at "Lepha" {kal~ka.}. However, we have a word in Pali {kal~la.} (UHS PMD0302). It seems that the same-letter conjunct rule breaks down in the case of {la.}.

• p064c3-b19/uchg p052-कल्क 
कल्क [ kalka ]
Skt: कल्क [ kalka ] - m. paste; foulness, baseness, guile, sin. - Mac064c3
Skt: कल्क «kalka» - adj. wicked, sinful.
 m. ordure [excrement, dung - AHTD], hypocrisy, ... - SpkSkt

UKT151029: If you refer to the BEPS vowel diagram shown in my note on Repha and Lepha on p063.htm, you can expect a word with just the opposite meaning, in कर्क «karka» 'white, good'. It's equivalent in Pal: {kak~ka.} - UHS PMD0275: UKT from UHS: ¹. m. face powder. ². m. a special yellow gem. 

• p064c3-b20/uchg p052-कल्कि 
कल्कि kalki, ˚न्् [ -n ]
- m. N. of a future deliverer of the world, the tenth Avatâr of Vishnu.

UKT 140220, 170208: The belief in the coming of a godly deliver from all the worldly and next-worldly sufferings, such as poverty & slavery, physical disability & disease, death & separation from loved ones, is common to all axiomatic religions - the religions based on the belief of a Creator. It is present in YHWH, Christianity and Islam. It is also present in Hinduism, specifically Vishnuvism (with male dominance) as opposed to Shaivism (with male dominance). The third Hindu-faith is Shaktism (with female dominance: probably derived from Tib-Bur speakers). I am not certain whether there is a belief of the coming of a deliver is present in Shaktism or not.
See my note on the Three Faiths within Hinduism and Second Coming of Christ.

• p064c3-b21/ not online
[kalkî-bhû]
- become paste

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{kal~pa.} क्लप : Lepha form

• p064c3-b22/ not online
क्लप् [ kalp ]
- v. कॢप् [ klip ]

• p064c3-b23/uchg p052-कल्प
कल्प [kálp-a] = क ल ् प
Skt: कल्प [kálp-a] - a. feasible, possible; able to, fit for (g., lc., inf., --°); nearly equal to, like (--°); after an a. --°, almost; m. precept, rule, usage, manner; body of rules on ritual (one of the six Vedâṅgas); cosmic period (=a day of Brahma =1000 Yugas).
  prathamah kalpah, chief rule, original law. -- Mac064c3
Skt: कल्प «kalpa» - m. idea. adj. equal to, feasible, fit, early, proper, possible, preceptive, prime, almost resembling, competent, ritual, relating to a period called kalpa , able, practicable. adverb. all but. m. most complete of the six Vedâṅga , similar to, epoch -- SpkSkt
BPal: {kûp~pa.}
- - UHS-PMD0291
  UKT from UHS: mfn. suitable, capable. m. {kûp~pa. bain~du.} 'ritual dots at one corner of the monk's robe', method, treatise of sacrificial methods, sections, periods of time, {a-yu.kûp}, world.

© कल्प [ kálp-a ]
Skt: कल्प [ kálp-a ] - m. cosmic period (=a day of Brahma=1000 Yugas) - Mac064c3
BPal: {kûp~pa.} - UHS PMD0291
  UKT from UHS: m. {a-yu.kûp} 'aeon (time-period of living things' - the biosphere) 
  See my note on Kalpa based on Wikipedia:

UKT 151030: According to MLC MED2006-023, the Bur-Myan word {kûm~Ba} has two meanings:
• {kûm~Ba} - n. ¹. earth, world. ². aeon [Pali: {kûp~pa.}]
The first meaning is commonly used. The second is rarely used. It is found only in religious texts discussing cosmic events and previous lives of the Buddha and the Arahats.

• p064c3-b24/uchg p052-कल्पक 
कल्पक [ kálpa-ka ]
- a. standard; m. precept, rule;
  -kshaya, m. end of a Kalpa, destruction of the world;
  -taru, -druma, m. fabulous wishing tree;
  -dhenu, f. fabulous wishing cow.

• p064c3-b25/uchg p052-कल्पन 
कल्पन [ kalp-ana ]
- n. inventing;
  â, f. fashioning; performance; invention, fiction; hypothesis; caparisoning an elephant;
 fixing, determination; work, deed, act; formation, form.

• p064c3-b26/uchg p052-कल्पपाल 
कल्पपाल [ kalpa-pâla ]
- m. guardian of order, king;
  -latâ,/i>. creeper yielding all wishes; -latikâ, f. id.;
  -vallî, f. id.; -vitapin, -vriksha, m. = Kalpa tree;
  -satâya, den. Â. appear as long as 100 Kalpas; -sâkhin, m. Kalpa tree; -sundarî, f. N.; -sûtra, n. Sûtra on ritual.

• p064c3-b27/uchg p052-कल्पाग्नि 
कल्पाग्नि [ kalpa‿agni ]
- m. world conflagration at the end of a Kalpa:
  -‿anta, m. end of a Kalpa, destruction of the world;
  °--, till the end of the world.

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UKT notes

Kalpa - a measurement of Time of long duration

- UKT 200209

Buddhist cosmology and Hindu cosmology seems to be worlds apart. Buddhists stress on Kalpa and the Hindus pay more attention to Yuga. Since both are measurements of Time, both, and the modern Geological measurement of Time can be reconciled. Caveat: Just ignore the Axiomatic entities like Mahabrahma, Vishnu, and Siva. Gautama Buddha was a historical person: a non-Axiomatic entity. He was a human prince. Probable also were Rama and Kishna: they were kings who died just like humans do.

From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpa_(aeon) 200209

Kalpa कल्प «kalpa» is a Skt-Dev word meaning a relatively long period of time (by human calculation) in Buddhist cosmology and Hindu cosmology .

In the Pali language of early Buddhism [which I take as Pali-Myan], the word takes the form {kûp~pa.} «kappa» [Bur-Myan {kûm~ba}], and is mentioned in the assumed oldest scripture of Buddhism, the Sutta Nipata. This speaks of "Kappâtita: one who has gone beyond time, an Arahant". [1] This part of the Buddhist manuscripts dates back to the middle part of the last millennium BCE.

Generally speaking, a kalpa is the period of time between the creation and recreation of a world or universe. (Wiki ref [2]). The definition of a kalpa equaling 4.32 billion years is found in the Puranas {pu.-raaM kyûm:} — specifically Vishnu Purana and Bhagavata Purana. (Wiki ref [3] )
 • Wiki ref [2] - "Chapter 36: The Buddhas in the three periods of time". Buddhism in a Nutshell Archives.
     Hong Kong: Buddhistdoor International. Retrieved 2014-12-21.
 • Wiki ref [3] - Johnson, W.J. (2009). A Dictionary of Hinduism. Oxford University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-19-861025-0.

[According to Buddhism]
There are generally 2 types of kalpa, Suñña-Kalpa {þoän-Ña.kûm~ba} and {a.þoän-Ña.kûm~ba} Asuñña-kalpa. The Suñña-Kalpa is the world where no Buddha is born. Asuñña-Kalpa is the world where at least one Buddha is born. There are 5 types of Asuñña-Kalpa^[7]:

1. Sāra-Kalpa - The world where one Buddha is born.
2. Maṇḍa-Kalpa - The world where two Buddhas are born.
3. Vara-Kalpa - The world where three Buddhas are born.
4. Sāramaṇḍa-Kalpa - The world where four Buddhas are born.
5. Bhadda-Kalpa {Bûd~da.kûm~ba} - The world where five Buddhas are born.

UKT 200209: Our present World is Bhadda-Kalpa {Bûd~da.kûm~ba}, where 5 Buddhas are born. Gautama Buddha is the fourth, and there is still one more to come.

From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga 200209

Yuga in Hinduism is an epoch or era [of Time] within a four-age cycle. A complete Yuga starts with the Satya Yuga, via Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga into a Kali Yuga. Some scholars say that our present time is ascending Kali yuga [1], while some scholars say that Kali Yuga has ended in 1700 A.D. and now we're in ascending Dwapara Yuga [2].

From Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time 200209

Hindu texts describe units of Kala measurements, from microseconds to Trillions of years. [1] According to these texts, time is cyclic, which repeats itself forever. [2]

Go back Kalpa-note-b

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Kalama Sutta

UKT 151030:

Kalama Sutta {ka-la-ma. þoat} is an important doctrine in Buddhism, in which the Buddha addressed to the rice growers of Kalama village. It is contained in the Aṅguttara Nikaya of the Tipiṭaka. [1] It is often cited by those of the Theravada and Mahayana traditions alike as the Buddha's "charter of free inquiry." [2]
See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalama_Sutta 151030

See Kalama Sutta - translation - by SomaThera in PDF libraries
- SomaThera-KalamaSutta<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 171206)

See also http://www.buddha-vacana.org/wbw.html 171206
for word by word Pali and English translation go online first. You'll read:

«Alañ·hi vo, kālāmā, kaṅkhituṃ alaṃ vicikicchituṃ. Kaṅkhanīy·eva pana vo ṭhāne vicikicchā uppannā. ...»
Of course, Kālāmas, you are perplexed, of course you are doubting. Vicikicchā has arisen in you on account of a perplexing matter.

«Etha tumhe kālāmā mā anussavena, {1} mā param·parāya, {2} mā iti·kirāya, {3} mā piṭaka·sampadānena, {4} mā takka·hetu, {5} mā naya·hetu, {6} mā ākāra·parivitakkena, {7} mā diṭṭhi·nijjhāna·kkhantiyā, {8} mā bhabba·rūpatāya, {9} mā ‘samaṇo no garū’ti.»
Do not go, you Kālāmas, by what you have heard said, nor by what has been transmitted [by a tradition], nor by the general consensus, nor by what has been handed down in a collection of texts, nor on the basis of logical reasoning, nor on the basis of inference, nor by reflection on appearances, nor by agreement after pondering views, nor by what seems probable, nor by [the thought:] 'The samaṇa is our revered teacher'.

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Kalinga kingdom and Burma

UKT 110903, 140220, 170207, 200202:

UKT 200202: I've been trying to find conjuncts in Asokan. Only now I've come to find them. See: Wikipedia on Brahmi script
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmi_script 200202

Kalinga is the name of a country in southern part of Ancient India, invaded by the Maurya Emperor Asoka in 261 BC. Its modern name is Orissa. It was the death and destruction in the Kalinga War, which he himself had caused, that led Emperor Asoka to become a Buddhist, and his issue of his famous Edicts (recorded in the oldest stone inscriptions found in the Indian sub-continent). The script, which could not be deciphered by the Braahmin Poannar {braah~ma.Na. poaN~Na:} when they were called on to do so by their emperor, is presently known as the Brahmi. However, I object the use of the word instead of which I propose to call it Asokan or Magadhi, because the script had nothing to do with the Brahmanism or Hinduism whether it be Vaishnavism (Brahma as Creator) or Shaivism (Shiva as Creator) .

The Kingdom of Mauriya was in the Magadha Mahajanapada in northern part of India. Mauriya was essentially landlocked, and King Asoka evidently would like to see his authority expand to its southern neighbour - Kingdom of Kalinga. See sixteen Mahajanapada महाजनपद  in Wikipedia:
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahajanapada 170207

Kanlinga was a maritime power and its trading ships were dominant in the eastern part of the Indian Ocean. See Wikipedia: - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha 170207
See Kalinga and Burma: a study in ancient relations - by Benudhar Patra, in Orissa Review, Nov. 2005
- BPatra-KalingaBurma<Ô> / Bkp<Ô> (link chk 200202)
"The ruins of a ship which have been excavated at Tante {twän-té: mro.}, near Rangoon is even believed to have belonged to the merchants of Kalinga ref.18. In Burma, the old name of Pegu was Ussa which is a form of Odra or Orissa. ref.19"

" The Maritime history of Odisha (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଶା, Oriya pronunciation:  [oˑɽisaˑ]), known as Kalinga in ancient times, started before 350 BC according to early sources. The people of this region of eastern India along the coast of the Bay of Bengal sailed up and down the Indian coast, and travelled to Indo China and throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, introducing elements of their culture to the people with whom they traded. [UKT ¶]

The 6th century Manjusrimulakalpa mentions the Bay of Bengal as Kalingodra (Kalinga Sea), indicating the importance of Kalinga in the maritime trade. [1] The old traditions are still celebrated in the annual Bali Jatra, or Boita-Bandana festival held for five days in October / November. [2]"

UKT 170207: I cannot accept everything in the following excerpt, also from the above Wikipedia article, but since it contains information on Burma some of which have been related to me by my father U Tun Pe such as the discovery of a sea-anchor at Dédanaw village near Kungyangon along the road from Twan(spelled wrong in the article as "Tante" ) to Kungyangon, I have reproduced it here.

"Burma went by the name of Kalingarat (Kalinga Rastra) in the 7th century BC, and there is evidence of very early settlement in the southern Mon portion. By the 2nd century AD, the Kalingans were ruling Kalaymyo [obvious spelling mistake], the Arakan River valley and Pegu, around the gulf of Martaban. The remains of a ship excavated at Tante, near Yangon is thought to have belonged to Kalingan traders. Place names and similarities in architecture also indicate close contacts across the gulf of Bengal. [16] The Buddhagat [unknown to me], the sacred scripture of Burma, describes trade with the Buddhist merchants of Kalinga, leading to missionaries coming to propagate the faith, and then to political domination [the Mons of southern Myanmarpré have never been under the political domination of anyone from India and Ceylon whom they despised as Kalar or "blacks" ] of parts of coastal Burma by Kalinga during the 4th to 7th centuries AD. Coins with Hindu symbols found in Pegu confirm this contact. [17] " 

UKT 170207: King Asoka was never a Hindu. His religion was Jainism from which he converted to Buddhism after the Kalinga War.

Asokan and Myanmar script have 33-percent commonality between them. I claim that Myanmar script is the direct descendant of Asokan, and not through a South Indian script as it is presently accepted.

It is interesting to note that the circularly rounded forms in scripts are not only unique to Myanmarpré. They are also found in the country of Georgia. With the background knowledge that King Asoka's Buddhist missionaries went even to Rome in Europe, I suggest that among them might have been monks from the Kingdom of Tagaung of northern Myanmarpré. And the Myanmar script might have traveled with them to Central Asia. I base my conjecture  on the presence of the circularly rounded script in Georgia, bordered by Russia in the north, and Turkey in the south. In the Georgian letters, there are definitely two from the Myanmar script.

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Number 60 : its multiples and fractions

Divisions of Day {né.}, Hour {na-ri}, Minutes {mi.nic}, and Seconds {sak~kûn.}
The word {né.} is obviously derived from Sun {né}
See also Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_calendar 170207

From ific American, by Michael A. Lombardi, a metrologist in the Time and Frequency Division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Boulder, Colo., March 5, 2007:
- https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/experts-time-division-days-hours-minutes/ 200201
"Hipparchus and other Greek astronomers employed astronomical techniques that were previously developed by the Babylonians, who resided in Mesopotamia. The Babylonians made astronomical calculations in the sexagesimal (base 60) system they inherited from the Sumerians, who developed it around 2000 B.C. Although it is unknown why 60 was chosen, it is notably convenient for expressing fractions, since 60 is the smallest number divisible by the first six counting numbers as well as by 10, 12, 15, 20 and 30."

UKT 200201: There is also an astrological aspect in the number 60. The two biggest planets which are supposed to influence the world's events, down to the events of a human individual. They are the astronomical plant Jupiter that goes around the celestial equator in approximately 12 years and the planet Saturn that takes approximately 30 years. The least common multiple is the number 60. You may not believe in astrology, but there are those whose livelihoods depend on the stock-market. Among those are the "technicians" or "chartists" who believe in stock-market cycles. See Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_market_cycles 200201
See also - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondratiev_wave 200201

UKT 140218, 170206, 200201:

The number 60 is very important in Astronomy-astrology. A circle is divided into 360 degrees of arc. Here 360 = 60 x 6. A day is divided in the traditional way into 60 "M-hours" (Myanmar-hours), and each "M-hour" is divided into 60 divisions or "M-minutes", and each 60th-division is further divided into 60 parts or "M-seconds". The "hour" of 24-hour day is known as {sak-na-ri} literally meaning "mechanical hour" to be differentiated from the "hours" of the Sun-dial or water-clock.

The days of the lunar month is given by the fullness of the Moon-orb, divided it into 15 parts. Here, it is  60 = 15 x 4. We measure the fullness of the Moon by the 15th-division. Each Bur-Myan lunar is either 30 or 29 days, which gives rise to two kinds of months: {rak soän} 'full-month' or 'month with even number of days' and {rak ma.soän} 'non-full month' or 'month with odd number of days'. The Bur-Myan Lunar calendar begins with {tûn-ku: la.}. The suffix {la.} 'lunar month' is dropped when there can be no controversy between 'lunar month' and 'luminary Moon'. As children, we have to memorise after copying the text crouching on the wooden floor without a mat:

tûn-ku: rak-ma.soän nhic-hsak-ko: /
ka.hsoan rak-soän þoän:hsèý //

Usually, the days of the lunar month and the degree of fullness do not correspond closely. Thus, according to the lunar calendar, I was born on the 1st day of waning of {ta.po.twè: la.}-moon, usually shortened to {ta.po.twé:}. However, the luminary Moon was not even full at the exact time of my birth in hours and minutes: the exact time of birth is taken to be the exact time of the cutting off of the umbilical cord. However, some astrologers take it as the first cry of the new-born.

And therefore for astrological calculations the day of my birth could be taken as the full-moon day of the {ta.po.twè:} and thus I am under the protection and guidance of Goddess Thurawati {þu-raþ~þa.ti} or Saraswati - the goddess of learning. That is the astrological reasoning of why I am a life-long student and educator.

UKT 181218: I remember what U Pe Aung, who later became the Professor of Psychology (tenure: 1975-77), Rangoon Univ., who on my first visit to his home in April or May of 1950 told me. I had just passed my 15th birthday and had matriculated (official regulation at that time would not allow me into the Univ. for being too young, which I had to bypass by simply cheating: that I had passed my 16th birthday). U Pe Aung was well known among his friends as a top palmist, and he looking at my palms said, "My younger brother, you are born to be an educator. Never think of becoming any other professional - you'll always be a teacher! I now, after studying Palmistry and Astrology, know on which lines of my open palms that he had relied on to make that prediction. But at that time, I didn't know. With this little note, I remember Professor U Pe Aung, who was my brother U Boon Shein's close friend.

Secondly, I have been asking my mathematical friends why the ancients had used the number 60 to divide the circle in terms of degrees of arc. And the day into 60 Bur-Myan "hours".  So far, none have given me a satisfactory explanation.

My explanation from Astrological-Astronomical point of view is that the number 60 is the common multiple of 12 (the average duration in years for the planet Jupiter to complete one circle around the Celestial Sphere), and 30 (the average duration in years for the planet Saturn).

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Three Faiths within Hinduism and the Second Coming of Christ

-- UKT 140220, 170208

The belief in the coming of a godly deliverer is common to all axiomatic religions - the religions based on the belief in a Creator. It is present in (alphabetical order), Christianity (God), Islam (Allah), and Judaism (YHWH). In Christianity it is known as the Second Coming of Christ.

This belief based on the belief in a long-past Golden Age under the just rule of the Creator. It is natural for the people to expect the return of the Golden Age under a reagent of the Creator. The Expected Return is present not only in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, but also present in at least in two sects of Hinduism - Vaishnavism (Vishnu - male dominance) and Shaivism (Siva - male dominance).

The third Hindu-faith is Shaktism (Shakti - the Supreme Mother aka Mother Goddess was borrowed from the Tibeto-Burman). Shaktism is probably an off-shoot of Shaivism with the story of Mother-goddess Shakti committing suicide out of her carnal love for Shiva - the Creator in Shaivism. Either a reincarnation or a stand-in for the Mother-goddess Shakti, in the form of Parvati (common meaning "flax plant") or Durga ("fortress") - a goddess of the Tib-Burmans came to take the place Shakti. And ever since Siva and Parvati have been in perpetual sexual union inside Mount Kailas aka Kailash कैलास «kailāsaḥ» , guarded by their two sons, Skanda (derived from Alexander the Great who wrought havoc in India) aka Kartikeya and Ganesha. I am not certain whether there is the belief of the coming of a deliverer in Shaktism or not.

The belief in Mother Goddess by the ancient Pyus of Myanmarpré may be the same as that of original Mother-goddess Shakti before being made the wife of Shiva by the Shaivite-Poannas {þi-wa. poaN~Na:}. The Bur-Myan culture is maternal. The Bur-Myan speakers refer to their country as Mother Myanmar {a.mi. mrûn-ma} - not as our Fatherland.

UKT based on Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_denominations 140220

Hinduism is the dominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. It comprises three major traditions, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism, [1] whose followers considered Shiva, Vishnu and Shakti (also called as Devi) to be the supreme deity respectively. Most of the other deities were either related to them or different forms (incarnations) of these deities. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world, and many practitioners refer to Hinduism as "the eternal law". (Sanātana Dharma). [2]

UKT 140303: Just as we differentiate Buddhism into: Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Vajrayana Buddhism , we are justified to differentiate Hinduism into: Shaivite Hinduism, Vaishnavite Hinduism, and Shaktic Hinduism.

Hindus are persons that believe they may obtain moksha "deliverance from suffering by the union with Brahman) by practicing either good karma, bhakti, or jnana. According to another classification the main denominations of Hinduism are Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, and Smartism. These four denominations may share rituals, beliefs, and traditions, but each denomination has a different philosophy on how to achieve life's ultimate goal, Atma Jnana (self-realization). There are also smaller denominations, and newer movements. Cross-denominational influences are the Bhakti-movement, and the six orthodox schools of thought.

UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.

The Second Coming or the Second Coming of Christ that has been mentioned above is common to all religion including Myanmar Theravada, which believes that a fifth and last Buddha, known as Maitreya Buddha will come in the present World Order. The historical Buddha, the Gautama Buddha was the fourth.

From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Coming 140221

In Christianity, the Second Coming of Christ, the second advent, sometimes called the parousia, is the anticipated return of Jesus to Earth. [UKT ¶]

UKT 140221: The above sentence is not entirely correct because Christ and Jesus are not the same. Jesus was the son of Mary and only when he was baptized by John the Baptist, the Holy Ghost (now the Holy Spirit) descended from above in the form of a dove and entered the person of Jesus. Only then Jesus the son of Mary should be referred to as Christ.

The Second Coming belief is based on prophecies found in the canonical gospels and in most Christian eschatologies. Christians generally believe the anticipated event is predicted in biblical messianic prophecies. Views about the nature of Jesus' Second Coming vary among Christian denominations and sometimes among individual Christians.

Most English versions of the Nicene Creed in current use include the following beliefs about Jesus: "...he ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of the Father. He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead, and his kingdom will have no end. ... We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come.

UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.

From Wikipedia:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitreya 140221

Maitreya (Skt) , Metteyya (Pal), {a.ri.mít~té-yya.} (Pal-Myan), Maithree (Sinhala), Jampa (Tibetan) or Di-Lặc in Vietnamese, is regarded by Buddhists as a future Buddha of this world in Buddhist eschatology. In some Buddhist [Mahayana] literature, such as the Amitabha Sutra and the Lotus Sutra, he is referred to as Ajita Bodhisattva.

Maitreya is a bodhisattva who in the Buddhist tradition is to appear on Earth, achieve complete enlightenment, and teach the pure dharma. According to scriptures, Maitreya will be a successor of the historic Śākyamuni Buddha. The prophecy of the arrival of Maitreya refers to a time when the Dharma will have been forgotten by most on Jambudvipa. It is found in the canonical literature of all major Buddhist schools (Theravāda, Mahāy 57;na, Vajrayāna), and is accepted by most Buddhists as a statement about an event that will take place when the Dharma will have been mostly forgotten on Earth.

UKT: More in the Wikipedia article.

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