Update:
2020-04-03 04:43 AM -0500
Introduction to
Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus
MC-intro.htm
by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) (M.S., I.P.S.T., USA), Daw Khin Wutyi, Daw Thuzar
Myint, Daw Zinthiri Han and staff of Tun Institute of Learning (TIL).
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone.
Prepared for students and staff of TIL Research Station, Yangon,
MYANMAR
-
http://www.tuninst.net ,
www.romabama.blogspot.com
TIL
Practical Sanskrit Dictionary for Buddhists and Hindus, is based on the
following works, and more:
• A Practical Sanskrikt Dictionary, by A. A. Macdonell, 1893,
http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MDScan/index.php?sfx=jpg;
1929.
- Nataraj ed., 1st in 2006, 2012.
-
https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/macdonell/ 190516
• The Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Grammar and Dictionary, BHS, vol.2, by F.
Edgerton, pp. 627. (entries in Latin script)
-
FEdgerton-BHSD<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk 180627)
• The Student's Pali English dictionary , by U Pe Maung Tin, 1920.
- (ref: UPMT-PEDxxx). Downloaded copies in TIL HD-PDF and SD-PDF libraries:
-
UPMT-PaliDict1920<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk
190113)
• Pali-Myanmar Dictionary
(in Pal-Myan), by U Hoke Sein,
- (ref: UHS-PMD). The dictionary in printed form is in TIL Research Library.
• A Comparative and Etymological Dictionary of
Nepali Language by R L Turner (entries in Devanagari script)
-
http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/turner/
(link chk 160119)
Files from Univ. Chicago in TIL HD-nonPDF and SD-nonPDF libraries:
- Turn-NepalDict<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk
200328)
• Latin-English Vocabulary II, by Hans H Ørberg, 1998
-
HHOrberg-LinguaLatina<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link
chk 190624)
I need Latin to come up with a transcription of Burmese into English, and back.
index.htm |
Top
MC-indx.htm
Introduction
Vanity of vanities
Mark on the forehead of statues of Buddha
Search for the written language of Indus-Saraswati Civilization
Contents of this page
UKT 180724, ... , 200312, 200331:
As humans, we have been baby-talking when we were
babies, and then we graduated to regular speech. But
I wonder whether you have ever opened your mouth wide
enough to see the passage ways through which our
"beautiful" voices have come out.
Open your mouth wide in front of a mirror and look
inside. Try to look for your "little grape"
called Uvula
{lhra-hkín}. It is at the end of the mouth passage,
leading into a vertical tube. If you are looking into
this tube from a side opening. The upper portion of
the tube leads up into the nose, and the lower portion down into the
gullet.
Long time ago since I found out that the name of
the robber-turned-saint
{ ïn-gu.li.ma-la. ma.hté} has been mispronounced as /
{ än-gu.li.ma-la. ma.htér}/, I'd run into the
problem of Semi-nasal as a killed-akshara checking
the vowel /i/
{ i.}. My problem with the mispronunciation is because of the phoneme
{än} which means "molar (tooth)", which is pronounced the same as
{ûn} "vomit".
Later, I traced the problem to the absence of
phoneme r1c5 in both Eng-Latin and Skt-Dev. I also found that I could not find a suitable
English Letter for
{gna.}/
{ng}.
Finally I had to define the Nasal Endings as given below.
In my TIL 2001-09-22 version of Sanskrit English
Dictionary, from: Online Sanskrit Dictionary,
February 12, 2003 -
http://sanskritdocuments.org/dict/dictall.pdf
090907
I've analyzed the problem as follows:
{ ïn~gu.}
अङ्गु
p004b3-4
• अङ्गुल
(a.ngula) .
Skt: अङ्गुल
(a.ngula) - a finger - OnlineSktDict
Skt: aṅgula - aṅgula m.
(√ag or aṅg), a finger
# the thumb # a finger's breadth, a
measure equal to eight barley-corns, twelve
aṅgulas making a vitasti or span, and
twenty-four a hasta or cubit
# (in astron.) a digit, or twelfth part
# N. of the sage Cāṇakya L - MonWilliWash
BPal: aṅgula - mn. a finger,
finger's breadth, inch - UPMT-PED005
¤ अङ्गुली
anguli
Skt: अङ्गुली
anguli [ a&ndot;gulî ] f. finger; toe;
-mudrâ, f. finger-mark. -- Mac004
Skt: अङ्गुलि
aṅguli f. finger
- SpkSkt
Skt: aṅguli - aṅgúli is,
(or aṅgulī), f. a finger
# a toe # the thumb # the great toe
# the finger-like tip of an elephant's
trunk # the measure aṅgula - MonWilliWash
Pal: - not entd. in UPMT
BPal:
{ïn~gu.li.} -
UHS-PMD0013
UKT from UHS: f. finger or toe
If only the English
transcription of Angulimala
{ ïn-gu.li.ma-la. ma.htér} had followed the example
of the transcription of English speech as
{ïn~ga.lait.sa.ka:} and had been Engulimala
,
I could have accepted it. But it wasn't, and the
problem remained with me until I came across Pali
Grammar by Shin Kic'si
{shin kic~sæÑ:}, when I realized that that Shin Kic'si had to include Sanskrit speakers who could
not properly pronounce the semi-nasal
sounds.
See: Angulimala: a murderer's road to
sainthood , by Hellmuth Hecker, © 2007,
- https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel312.html
180724
I've given my version of Shin Kic'si
{shin kic~sæÑ} motto:
See: Kachchayano's Pali Grammar,
by Mason-Mazard, p036 in TIL HD-PDF and
SD-PDF libraries.
-
FMasonMazard-KicsiPali<Ô> /
bkp<Ô> (link chk 200312)
In my above analysis, you can clearly see the
Semi-nasal
{gna.}/
{ng} checking the preceding vowel
{a.} in the Skt-Dev spelling अङ्गुली .
Since both English-Lat and Sanskrit-Dev do not
have the phoneme
/
{gna.}/{ng}, the English rendition has become /un/ in the
place of /ɪn/. Always remember the case of
English word <king> in which you don't
pronounce the g . Or, note the case of
<sign> and <sing> in which the positions of g
and n have been reversed.
My remark that "Skt-Dev did not have the phoneme
/
{gna.}/{ng}" is based on:
ड + dot --> ङ
The devise of adding a dot to the
r3c3 ड , the equivalent of
{ða.} shows that the original Skt-Dev did
not have the phoneme
{gna.}.
UKT 180819: While formulating Romabama, I ran
into the problem of having to look for suitable
Latin letters to represent the various shades
of /d/. I had no choice but to use parallel
pairs such as:
c3 vd - c4 Deep-H
{ða.} -
{Ða.}
{da.} -
{Da.}
The problem has made me coin the word
Seimi-nasal (non-nasal in onset
and nasal in coda). This problem must have
bothered the Buddhist grammarian Shin Kic'si
{shin kic~sæÑ} during the time of Gautama Buddha,
who proclaimed his monk as the "foremost"
grammarian. Shin Kic'si had to allow the use of Thethetin
{þé:þé:tïn} in such cases. Our reverend Shin Kic'si
had to place the "correct spelling" ahead
of "correct pronunciation" to escape the
Curse of Babel .
Now just listen to the pronunciation difference
between Bur-Myan and Mon-Myan sung by a
Martaban-Mon speaker:
-
BkCnd-da'na'ku'thol<)) (link chk 200312)
- 
Note in Bur-Myan
{da.na. ku.þol}, and Mon-Myan which I heard as
/{di-né.kauk-swa}/, Bamah and Mon agree in the consonants: /d/, /n/, /k/, /θ
> s/. The mis-hearing is in the vowels.
Mon-Myan language belongs to a different linguistic group, Aus-Asi, which is
different from Bur-Myan, which is of Tib-Bur. Now watch a Mon-Myan solo dance
with lyrics shown in Myanmar akshara and find if you understand what is being
sung.
-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kqOym0H5lgM 181124
If you are in the TIL research station in Yangon, you can watch:
- MonSoloDance<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk
190423)
Or, watch another Mon-Myan (modern song) on Mon regnant queen Banyar Thao or Mi
Cao Bu or Shin Saw Pu :
-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C-0NeTvBxJM 181124
UKT 200312:
At one time it was the Pyus
{pyu lu-myo:} who
flourished in Lower Burma. The Pyu culture had spread down south to Dawei. Since Pyus and the
Bamahs had intermixed, the inhabitants of Dawei spoke Bur-Myan as a different
dialect from that of the mainland Myanmarpré. Now, go on line and watch the
following video: the water-pot dance
-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-RAtWTUPOo 190423li
If you are in the TIL research station in Yangon, you can watch:
- DaweiWaterPot<Ô> /
Bkp<Ô> (link chk
190423)
Several years ago
(2016 Feb) I had tried to adopt a little Pa-O
{pa.oO.} girl from Shan State. Nan Oo, was aged 9, . My grand-niece, Khin Wutyi
(who was working at the TIL Research Station before she went on maternity
leave), taught her how to use a computer. Nan Oo was a fast learner and master
the basic skills in matter of days. I let her listen to the Mon videos that I have in my research station.
She told me that her Pa-O language is very similar to the Mon-language. Her
observation was confirmed by her uncle - the Buddhist monk U Sarain who had
brought her. U Sarain
claims that what we are taking as the Mon-capital, Thaton, was their capital,
and its last king, King Manuha, who was taken captive by King Anawrahta
of Pagan, was their king. A large number of Pa-Os are still living from Thaton
northward into the southern Shan State.
I wonder whether the Pa-Os
{pa.oO.} and Pyus
{pyu} are related.
Remember, mainland Burma - now the present Irrawaddy and Sittang basins were
mostly underwater and marshland, and the sea reached up to the area of present
day Prome town. The Irrawaddy Delta was yet to be formed. The area had many
active volcanoes and mountains were still building up. The last active volcano
was yet to be raised from the ground in 442 AD, and became extinct in a short
time afterwards with a huge eruption killing many people. The legend of the Nagas
who live underwater might have some historical background. Pa-Os claim their
ancestry to a female Naga
{na.ga:ma.} who might just be a human-female with a way of life depending
on stretches of water.
Unfortunately, my little Pa-O girl went back to her parents after a few months.
Otherwise, I would now be studying the Pa-O language. I've told her - my little
girl - to come back anytime, and we may still have a chance to study the Pa-O
language together.
See also Wikipedia: -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%27O_people 200312
Contents of this page
UKT 191223, 200311:
We, the Myanmar people, especially those in Yangon aka Rangoon, are too
preoccupied with ourselves, our modern problems, and
think highly of ourselves. It is nothing but Vanity - with a capital V. Moreover, we have been under the influence of British
colonialists, and most - if not all - have become the Macaulay children, a
derogatory epithet which we deserve.
We think highly of the West - the colonialists - and
look down on our Theravada Buddhism (which is not religion,
because the majority, as Buddhists, don't accept the
existence of a unchanging, ever-young, undying creator).
We look down on our Language which uses the
Abugida-Akshara system, and think highly of English
which uses the Alphabet-Letter system. Even the MLC
(Myanmar Language Commission) thinks that Akshara
{ak~hka.ra} and Alphabet
{al-fa-bak} are the same. See MLC MED2006-619.
- n. character, letter of an alphabet; alphabet [Pali
]
- MLC MED2006-619
We should be thankful that MLC gives the
{ak~hka.ra} as a derivative of Pali. I wonder, why MLC has not given it as a
derivative of Sanskrit Akshara
{ak-sha.ra}? Please do not think I've a grudge against the MLC. It had been headed
by my respected Burmese university teachers at one time or another. I always remember my Burmese
teachers: U Chit Tun (in high-school), U Kyaw Yin, U Hla Maung and U Hla Shwé
(in university).
Moreover, MLC started out as Burma Translation Society, one of
whose founders was U Wun, a native of Kungyangon town - where I was born. U Wun
was my parents' close friend, and might even be related to us as Peguan-Mons.
See:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Thu_Wun 200212
We have neglected Grammar to the extent that we do
not even have our own well-defined grammatical terms. In spite of my
limitations, I've no choice but to define some for this present work.
We have a low opinion of the ancient world, especially the East - Indian
subcontinent extending into Myanmar - and know
next to nothing of our fore-parents, the Tagaung
{ta.kaún:}
kingdom, their cultures and their languages from
which we have evolved. The speech of Magadha - Magadhi
{ma-ga.Di} - is thought of as a
language of animals, servants, and women-folk. We do not know that it was the mother tongue of our Lord
Buddha, whose mother was a Kirāta
{ki.ra-ta.} किरात .
The script in which Magadhi was written - in the inscriptions of King Asoka - is
thought to be of the Brahmins
{braah~ma.Na. poaN~Na:} professing the Hindu religion. It has been named
Brahmi
{brah~mi} - the script of Brahma
{brah~ma}. Since Burma (now Myanmarpé) has been called Brahmadesh, it suggests
that Brahmi
{brah~mi} was a Myanmar script. It does not belong to the Hindu Brahmins
{braah~ma.Na. poaN~Na:}. The Poannars
{poaN~Na:} failed to decipher it when called upon to do so in the 14th century
by the Islamic king Firuz Shah Tughlaq. To avoid controversy it should be called
Asokan script.
Magadhi
{ma-ga.Di}, Pali, Sanskrit, and
Vedic languages are our heritage and we should know
something about them.
Sadly, most lay-persons have heard nothing of
Sanskrit
{þän-skRRi.ta. sa.ka:}, and think that Devanagari
{dé-wa.na-ga.ri} script as an
alien
{þu-saim:} script -
{ka.la:sa}.
Devanagari
{dé-wa.na-ga.ri} script is a
{hswé-myo:} or an allied
{ku.la:sa}.
Most, including our Buddhist monks, do not
know the existence of land-routes across the
mountains between Magadha Mahajanapada
{ma-ga.Da. ma.ha za.na.pa.da.} where Buddha
was born and where he died, and northern Myanmarpré
since geologic times. Our connection is through land
routes - not by sea through southern India or Ceylon.
Pali-Myan (not the International Pali) is directly related to Magadhi - the
mother-tongue of Buddha. Pali-Myan is only distantly related to
Pali-Lanka and International Pali (Pali-Latin).
Linguistically, we are the relatives of Gautama Buddha.
Moreover, our Myanmar
akshara might have been developed independently - not derived from the most
ancient script found in India, or any other Indian languages, because our circularly rounded script is found in
the country of Georgia, 5,344 km away. The Georgian phoneme /t/, is the same as our own.
Contents of this page
UKT 200317:
Usually, nobody knows how an ancient language sounded. We have to depend on the
script. However, in the case of Sanskrit, we can have some idea from the oral
recitations of the prayers recited by the Brahmins
{poaN~Na} from ancient times to the present. It is also true for Pali-Myan
thanks the Buddhist monks and nuns who have been chanting Buddhist scriptures,
aided by the Myanmar script.
It appears that speech has predated
script. However, script was put up by kings at a much later date to glorify
themselves. This does not mean that the humans started using speech (vocal
sounds conveying messages and ideas) long before script (man-made scratches to
represent speech). In fact speech and script could have been used at the same
time.
Now, what is the mark on the Buddha's forehead depicted on Myanmar Buddha's
statutes. It is rarely found on the statutes elsewhere. Is it a coiled up strand of
hair? In Bur-Myan tradition it is
{mwé:shin-tau} meaning a strand of hair. The trouble is, nobody knows what the
historical Buddha looked like. Buddha was not a selfie. He did not like people
adoring his image. He wanted his followers to know his theories and teachings
only. So we do not know whether the historical Buddha had a
{mwé:shin-tau} on his forehead or not.
Curiously it is strikingly similar to r3c4 akshara
in Asokan script, and also on Devanagari script, but
not in Bur-Myan. Yet, in Pali-Myan it is given a
prominent place in the syllable
{ûð~Ða.}. Why? The place on the human forehead where the
{mwé:shin-tau} is, is supposed to be the Third Eye
which is supposed to be present on the forehead of
Siva-déva. The Third Eye is somehow connected to
Pineal gland. See Wikipedia:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineal_gland 200317
"The human pineal gland grows in size until about
1–2 years of age, remaining stable thereafter,
[17]
[18] although its weight increases gradually from
puberty onwards.
[19]
[20] The abundant melatonin levels in children are
believed to inhibit sexual development, and pineal
tumors have been linked with
precocious puberty. When puberty arrives, melatonin
production is reduced.
[21] ...
The primary function of the pineal gland is to produce
melatonin.
Melatonin has various functions in the
central nervous system, the most important of which
is to help modulate sleep patterns. Melatonin production
is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light.
[25]
[26] ... "
Buddha is against sexual activity. One rule that he prescribed for his monks is
sexual abstinence. As the above Wikipedia article shows, the pineal gland which
produces melatonin - and abundant melatonin levels in children are believed to
inhabit sexual development, the pineal gland is somehow connected to
"intelligence". Attainment of super intelligence was what makes a Buddha, we
must now clarify two words: Buddhi
and Enlightenment. Now see: Wikipedia:
-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhi 190428
"Buddhi is a Vedic Sanskrit
word that means the intellectual faculty and the
power to "form and retain concepts,
reason, discern, judge, comprehend, understand".
[1]
[2]"
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(spiritual) 190428
"Enlightenment is the "full
comprehension of a situation".
[web 1] ... It translates several Buddhist terms and
concepts, most notably bodhi,
[note 2] ..."
I equate the Bur-Myan term
{bau:Di.ñaaN} to the two words taken together. Sayadaw U Zawtika, my respected
personal friend, also supports my position. He points out that (during a
phone conversation)
{bau:Di.ñaaN} is the knowledge of the Four Noble Truths. If so there are
Buddhas other than Gautama Buddha.
Contents of this page
- UKT 200331
What do we know of the ancients: their life-styles,
their beliefs, their languages? A language or
script that has defied decipherment is the written
language of Indus-Saraswati Civilization aka
the Indus Script.
From Wikipedia:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_script
200401
"The Indus script aka the
Harappan script, is a corpus of symbols
produced by the Indus Valley Civilization. Most
inscriptions containing these symbols are extremely
short, making it difficult to judge whether or
not these symbols constituted a script used to
record a language, or even symbolise a writing
system.
[4] In spite of many attempts,
[5] the 'script' has not yet been deciphered,
but efforts are ongoing. There is no known
bilingual inscription to help decipher the script,
and the script shows no significant changes over time.
However, some of the syntax (if that is what it may
be termed) varies depending upon location.
[4] "
We must mention that the Harappans (of Indus-Saraswati
basin civilization) did not use regular written
language like their contemporaries to the west
the Mesopotamians (of Euphrates-Tigris basin) and the
Egyptians (of Nile basin). We must note that nobody
has looked for trade and cultural relations with the
Pyus (of Irrawaddy-Salween basin) to the east of the Harappans.
What the Harappans left behind are short inscriptions,
of unknown symbols, human and animal figures, in
form of seals. Yet there is evidence that the Harappans
traded with the Mesopotamians, and other civilizations which had written scripts.
From:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations
200331
"Indus–Mesopotamia relations are thought
to have developed during the second half of 3rd
millennium BCE, until they came to a halt with the
extinction of the Indus valley civilization after
around 1900 BCE.
[6]
[7]
[8] Mesopotamia had already been an intermediary
in the trade of
lapis lazuli [a blue gem-stone found in
Myanmarpré] between South Asia and Egypt since
at least about 3200 BCE, in the context of
Egypt-Mesopotamia relations.
[9]
[10]"
UKT 200401: The above statement alludes to a trade
link between Indus-Saraswati civilization and
northern Myanmarpré where the ancient Pyus
{pyu lu-myo:} had lived, via land routes. Since the
Himalayas ranges have been growing in height during
the period of 5000 years to the present, mountain
passes between northern India and northern Myanmarpré
where the Pyus had lived would not be as difficult
to pass as at the present. It means that the lapis
lazuli now in the West might have originated in
northern Myanmarpré.
The 3rd millennium BC spanned the years
3000 through 2001 BC. [Compare this to the time of
Gautama Buddha - ca. 500 BC.] This period of time
corresponds to the Early to Middle Bronze Age,
characterized by the early empires in the Ancient
Near East. In Ancient Egypt, the Early Dynastic
Period is followed by the Old Kingdom. In Mesopotamia,
the Early Dynastic Period is followed by the
Akkadian Empire. -
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BC
200401
Now something on the ancient Pyus
{pyu lu-myo:} of Myanmarpré in my online article:
From:
https://www.tuninst.net/MYN-PREHIS/SAMOAN/samoan.htm
200331
Based on an article by Bob Hudson, Archaeology
Department, Univ. of Sydney, Australia, in Myanmar
Historical Commission Conference Proceedings, Part 2:
59-79 Universities Historical Research Centre,
Yangon,
- http://acl.arts.usyd.edu.au/~hudson/BH2005Jan.pdf
080916
See the above article in Section 5.5 Prehistory --
prehist-indx.htm > samoan.htm
(link chk 200401)
"Bob Hudson proposes that the First Millennium AD Pyu culture was related to
an earlier indigenous society of Iron-Age agriculturalists, and was not the
result of mass migration."
I suggest that the Indus-valley seals are
ideographs, like our modern Inn
{ín:} meaning Yantara
{yûn~ta.ra:} "implement, instrument, or machine). Inn
{ín:} must be constructed methodically
- Tantra. To follow the Tantra (method) precisely,
the corresponding Mantra (instruction) must be recited to prevent any mistake
in construction). The result is an
ideograph on a substrate which can be paper in modern times - an instrument or Yantra. With Human computers (humans with
tremendous memories, at hand to memorize the idea in the form
of Mantra, messages could be stored and transmitted
from place to place.
A modern example of Human computer-storage being the late Mingun Sayadaw
From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingun_Sayadaw
200331
"In 1985, the Guinness Book of Records recorded the Mingun Sayadaw as a record
holder in the Human memory category. The exact entry was Human memory:
Bhandanta Vicitsara (sic) recited 16,000 pages of Buddhist canonical text in
Rangoon, Burma in May 1954. Rare instances of eidetic memory -- the ability
to project and hence "visually" recall material-- are known to science.
[1] "
Though not matching up to Mingun Sayadaw, human
computers have been used to construct astronomical
and nautical tables in the West.
From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_(job_description)
200401
"The term "computer", in use
from the early 17th century (the first known written
reference dates from 1613),
[1] meant "one who computes": a
person performing mathematical calculations,
before
electronic computers became commercially
available. "The human computer is supposed
to be following fixed rules [sounds like
Tantra]; he has no authority to deviate
[sounds like Mantra] from them in any detail."
[2] Teams of people, often women from the
late nineteenth century onwards, were used to
undertake long and often tedious calculations;
the work was divided so that this could be done
in parallel. The same calculations were frequently
performed independently by separate teams to check
the correctness of the results."
The Buddhist monks and nuns, and many laypersons in
Myanmarpré can reproduce pieces of Buddhist literature
correctly, once you mention the title of a sermon.
Our recitation of Paritta
{pa.rait} is an example.
Above, I've suggested that the Indus-valley seals are
ideographs, similar to our modern Yantra
{ín:}. Now, what are ideographs? An ideograph such
as Sada-bawa Inn
{sa.da.ba.wa. ín:} suggests the idea of human
perfection. Summing up the idea of human perfection:
control human emotions (circle with dent on left),
next control sensual desires (circle with dent at
bottom), next control the wrong ideas in your brain
(circle with dent above): then you get perfection (a
full circle). What has been found in Harappan
civilization is the Swastika. Now close the arms of
the Swastika, you get an Inn
{ín:}. Now, show the ideograph to a human computer
who has learnt the message, he will precisely tell
you what it means.
From:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogram 200401
An ideogram or ideograph (from Greek
ἰδέα idéa
"idea" and
γράφω
gráphō "to write") is a
graphic
symbol that represents an
idea or concept, independent of any particular
language, and specific words or phrases. Some
ideograms are comprehensible only by familiarity
with prior convention; others convey their meaning
through pictorial resemblance to a physical object,
and thus may also be referred to as
pictograms. - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ideogram 200401
There is another type of Inn
{ín:}. It is what can be called a Power Yan.
When this type of Inn is tattooed on the human body
it looses its esoteric power. Thai Yans are of this
type, and almost all wrestlers have tattoos of such
Power Yans.
See
https://www.sakyantchiangmai.com/sak-yant-designs-and-meanings/
200402
Unwary foreigners like Yant for their designs, not
knowing what each means, and not knowing what they
are getting into. Look for Thai Sakt Yant Festival
- an annual event. See:
From -
https://khiri.com/discovery/visit-the-sak-yant-festival-with-khiri-thailand/
200402.
"Traditional Thai tattoos, known as Yantra
tattoos, are believed to have strong magical
powers. People get them for protection and good
luck. Popular with soldiers, policemen,
[professional wrestlers] and members of Thailand’s
underworld, the tattoos are said to have the power
to stop bullets and break knife blades. [UKT ¶]
UKT 200402: Thai Yans have inscriptions in
Myanmar aksharas because Thailand was a part
of King Bayinaung's empire. Thai Yans and
Myanmar Inns are almost the same. Here
"knife blades" mean traditional
military swords such as GnakKyiDaung
{gnak-kri:taún Da:} used for hacking your
enemy. "Knife blades" do not include
razor blades used for shaving. Even though you
might be sword-proof, you get still get nipped
while your head is being shaved.
Although ingrained in Hindu culture, the tattoos,
known in Thailand as “Sak Yant”, are heavily
influenced by the ancient Khmers’ form of Sanskrit,
which was renowned for its magical powers. Each
year devotees pay their respects to tattoo masters
in a special ceremony known as Wai Khru (honor
the teacher) or master day. ... The ceremony is
quite a spectacle and the place to witness “Khong
Khuen” (animal Spirit possession), when tattooed men
are “possessed” by the spirit of their tattoos.
There is also ornamental tattooing known as
Hsé-Minkraun
{hsé: mín-kraún} which every male of my grand-father's
generation must have on his thighs and buttocks. A man
with such tattooing on girding up his loangyi as if
going in for a fight, reveals his tattooed buttocks
and thighs - which looks like a pair of tight fitting
trousers - to show his opponent how brave he is. Such
tattooing is extremely painful and is done to show a
male's manliness. Of course, my father and I, would
have none of it. It shows how soft we have become.
UKT 200401: A Yantra
{ín:} can be tattooed on the human body when it
becomes something of an ornament - loosing the
esoteric power somewhat. A Burmese Yantra
{ín:} conveys an idea, or a message and it must be
written or scratched into a broken part of
consecrated alms bowl, a gold or leaf, a palm leaf,
or paper, by an adapt who has meditated for a least
a night or for a period of 7 days, abstaining from
eating meat and having sex. The writing must be
according a fixed procedure or Tantra while reciting
a Mantra. The whole procedure must be done under a
suitable combination of constellation in the sky
above. The resulting Yantra is supposed to possess
the message. The Yantra becomes the embodiment of
an unseen entity, a benefic god or goddess, or a
malefic entity such the soul of a tiger, a cat,
a witch. A Yantra is not a play thing, and a person
holding the Yantra can command it to perform deeds
capable by the embodied entity. The Yantra shown on
the right is the Sakka, King of Heaven. It was
constructed on paper by an adapt, one each day for
49 days. The paper, 4 in. x 2 in., was burnt and
the ashes dissolved in water was swallowed by the
adapt to give himself the power of the Sakka. Now,
his orders (or the orders of Sakka) had to be
followed by witches and ogres, and must leave the
patient being affect by them. The adapt can now
earn his meagre living as an exorcist curing
patients, mostly of insanity and other diseases
which cannot be cured by modern medicine.
Harappans did not need written languages, and their
messages were top-secret. The script used for writing
the Yantra is the circularly rounded script like the
Myanmar script. Yet, Harappan seals do not show such
circular roundedness, which shows that they are not
Power Inns but ordinary ideographs to convey every-day
messages for commerce, and for texts for manuals on
astronomy, architecture, etc.
It was stated above that the Indus-Saraswati valley
civilization became extinct around 1900 BCE about
1500 years before the time of Gautama Buddha. Note
that to get better perspective, I've given figures
easy to remember.
See
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations
200331
Since Gautama Buddha spoke Old Magadhi - a
Tibeto-Burman - language, what was the language
or languages of the descendants of the Harappans.
During that time the Macedonian-Greek - known as
Alexander the Great - had invaded the
north-western parts of the Indian sub-continent.
Now what had the Greeks, who were Eurocentric in
outlook, had to say about the natives of the
Indian subcontinent.
See
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great
200403
"The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great began in 326 BC.
After conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, the Macedonian king (and
now the great king of the Persian Empire), Alexander, launched a campaign
into the Indian subcontinent in present-day Pakistan, part of which
formed the easternmost territories of the Achaemenid Empire following the
Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (6th century BC). The rationale for
this campaign is usually said to be Alexander's desire to conquer the entire
known world, which the Greeks thought ended in India.
"After gaining control of the former Achaemenid satrapy of
Gandhara,
including the city of
Taxila,
Alexander advanced into
Punjab,
where he engaged in battle against the regional king
Porus, whom
Alexander defeated in the
Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC,
[1]
[2]
but was so impressed by the demeanor with which the king carried himself
that he allowed Porus to continue governing his own kingdom as a satrap.[3]
Although victorious, the Battle of the Hydaspes was possibly also the most
costly battle fought by the Macedonians.
[4]
"Alexander's march east put him in confrontation with the
Nanda Empire of
Magadha.
According to the Greek sources, the Nanda army was supposedly five times
larger than the Macedonian army.[5]
His army, exhausted, homesick, and anxious by the prospects of having to
further face large Indian armies throughout the
Indo-Gangetic Plain, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern
Beas
River) and refused to march further east. Alexander, after a meeting
with his officer,
Coenus, and after hearing about the lament of his soldiers,[6]
eventually relented,[7]
being convinced that it was better to return. This caused Alexander to turn
south, advancing through southern Punjab and
Sindh, along
the way conquering more tribes along the lower
Indus River, before finally turning westward.[8]
"Alexander died in Babylon on 10 or 11 June 323 BC. In
c. 322 BC,
one year after Alexander's death,
Chandragupta Maurya of
Magadha
founded the
Maurya Empire in India. "
Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha was no other than grandfather of Asoka the
Great. We now have stone inscriptions put up by Asoka, and the script is
known as Asokan-Brahmi. It so happens that Asokan and Myanmar-script has
about 33% similarity.
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