{ing:}, for writing of which the Myanmar
consonants and the days of the week are given numerical values. Burmese Written Language in Roman Script
con01
U Kyaw Tun, M.S. (I.P.S.T., U.S.A.), Deep River, Ontario, Canada. Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR .
indx-rbm | Top | Contents of this page
Consonants
Myanmar consonants
Devanagari consonants
Nasalisation
Devanagari virama
Devanagari conjuncts -- The problem of
Burmese-Myanmar horizontal ligatures.
Syllable formation in Devanagari
Devanagari hand-written script
UKT notes
Myanmars always have a deep interest in matrixes which probably came from
their love arranging everything orderly. They believe some matrixes such as the traditional
magic squares have
magical powers.
These magic squares and their derivatives are the runes
{ing:}, for writing of which the Myanmar
consonants and the days of the week are given numerical values.
UKT: The various authors name the akshara characters slightly differently. However since I am using the Windows XP character map, I will use the XP name, and change the Unicode name to that of XP. The XP name will be placed between [...] at least for this file. Please remember {...} stands for Romabama, and <...> for regular English words and letters.
| Myanmar consonants | Devanagari consonants | Name of Devanagari consonants given in Windows XP character map | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
 |
|
• Though Devanagari akshara A अ [A] U0905 is a vowel,
I have included it in the above table for comparison to Myanmar
{a.}
which is considered to be both a consonant and a vowel.
• Notice how the Devanagari letters (r1c2, r2c2, r3c2, r4c2, r5c2) have been
named such as [Kha] (r1c2). The English "h" is in the second place.
Since this second place has been reserved for
{ha.hto:} in Romabama, "h" (the aspirate "h")
will be placed before the regular consonant "k". e.g. {hka.}
Consonants -- Continued
• Myanmar script is written left to right on a "line" with three levels.
For example, in the syllable
,
the consonant
{ka.} is in the
middle level or the main level (coloured yellow). The vowel /o/ with the
vowel sign
is a two-part vowel written on the upper and the bottom levels (coloured blue). The
vowel length sign
{wus~sa.} (Devanagari: visarga) comes after the consonant and is on the main level.
Myanmar script is based on circles and one of the first things a Myanmar child
has to learn in school is to draw perfectly round circles and that is the reason
why the very first kindergarten is called the Zero-grade.
You will notice that some consonants in the table are formed from one circle, r1c2
{hka.},
and some from two adjacent circles, r1c1
{ka.}. It has been suggested that the reason why Myanmar script is based on circles is
to prevent the palm leaves -- the writing pages of old -- from tearing while
characters are written using a sharp iron stylus. However, this explanation
seems to be pure conjecture by those who have never written Myanmar script with a stylus
{ka·Ñis}
on a specially prepared palm leaf page
{pé-rwak}
-- a style of writing an astrological horoscope still being practiced in
Myanmar. This style of writing -- stylus on palm leaf -- was also used in India
where the aksharas were not in circular form. Even now when an Indian pundit (I
am thinking of my friend Malay Pundit who I met in Deep River, Ontario, Canada)
took out his religious text to read and chant in Sanskrit, the "book" is in the
form of a palm-leaf book but made of paper -- the same shape and size as a
Myanmar palm-leaf horoscope.
Myanmar script is one of the easiest to write by hand. As an example see how
easy it is to write the Myanmar
first character
{ka.} compared to writing क [Ka] of Devanagri by hand.
Since Hindi-Devanagari or Hindi is internationally more well-known than
Burmese-Myanmar, and it is
fitting that I should say something about Hindi-Devanagari to compare it with
Burmese-Myanmar language and script.
The comparison to be made is strictly structural and you should forget about the
wide phonetic dissimilarity. See:
• Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, chapter 9
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch9.pdf , and
• Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, chapter10,
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch10.pdf .
I have based most of the materials on Devanagari on these chapters.
A number of files from Unicode Consortium on Unicode Standard Version 4.0 in HTML format are in the TIL archives, and you may look into them without going on-line. The materials in this paper are from TIL archives: The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, chapter 9.
UKT: The material from the Unicode Standard ver. 4, had led me astray because of its terms: "dependent vowels" and "independent vowels". In the following I am using the terms "vowel-signs" and "vowel-letters".
Each consonant letter represents a single consonantal sound but also has the peculiarity of having an inherent vowel, generally the short vowel /a/ in Devanagari and the other Indic scripts. Thus क U0915 [ka] represents /ka/ and not just /k/. क [ka] is a syllable and not just a letter. Being a syllable क [ka] can be pronounced, however the English-Latin letter <k> can not be pronounced. In the presence of a vowel-sign, however, the inherent vowel of the consonant is overridden by the vowel-sign.
UKT: This is the equivalent of:
{i} -->
{ki}
UKT: IPA transcriptions are my additions from DJPD16.
The inherent vowel (in fact most of the vowels) can be nasalised by placing a
{thé:thé:ting}, with the sign
,
above a consonant. In Pali-Myanmar, this sign is known as
{naig~ga.hait}. This sign corresponds to chandrabindu of the Devanagari.
UKT: I was not sure to what Myanmar diacritic Anusvara do correspond until I came across an unequivocal statement in Wikipedia:
" In the Burmese alphabet, the anusvara is represented as a dot underneath a nasalised final to indicate a creaky tone (with a shortened vowel)." -- WikipediaAnunaasika (anunāsika), also called 'chandrabindu' ("moon and dot"), is a dot on top of a breve above a letter (मँ) [UKT:
{män}],used as a diacritic in Sanskrit and other Indo-Aryan languages written in Devanagari script to represent vowel nasalization. When transliterated, it is represented with a tilde above the letter ( ~ ). -- Wikipedia
UKT: Don't be led astray by the word 'chandrabindu'. It can be transliterated to {san~da bain~du.}, which can be split up:
{san~da}
/|san da|/ - n. moon. (Pali:
{san~da.}) -- MEDict124
{bain~du.}/|bein du.|/ - n. 3. dot superposed on vowels to give the /|am| |eim| |oum|/ sounds. (Pali:
[cando] - the moon. (R. C. Childers, Dictionary of the Pali Language, Regan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., London, 1909, p.099)
UKT: Childers gave the word in Pali-Devanagari, and the first akshara is च (U091A).The difference the sounds of word for <moon> is simply because the r2c1 in Burmese-Myanmar is
{sa.} and in Hindi-Myanmar
{kya.} or च (U091A). Since, English pronunciation of
The following is from:
www.garretwilson.com/education/languages/hindi/devanagari/lesson5/candrabindu.html
IPA transcription is from DJPD16.
Candrabindu (the first letter makes the same sound as, "champion") is a sign written above a vowel to indicate that the vowel is nasalized (Snell, 11).
UKT: Snell, R. and Weightman, S., Teach Yourself Hindi, NTC Publishing Group, Lincolnwood, Illinois, USA, 1992.
When discussing the consonants म , "ma," and न, "na," I [G. Wilson] stressed the fact that these letters are always nasal — to pronounce these two letters, you must force air up through the nose.
Most of the Devanagari vowels can either be nasalized or unnasalized. To see the difference, first say the English word, <hawk> /hɔːk (US) hɑːk/. Now, say the English word, <honk> /hɒŋk (US) hɑːŋk/. Say them together: "hawk honk." The difference is that in the first word, <hawk>, virtually no air is forced up through the nose. However, with <honk>, you instinctively allow much of the breath to pass through your nasal cavities. Thus, the "aa" sound in <honk> is nasalized, while it is not in <hawk>.
Don't think that nasalization simply means the presence of the letter <n>, because the vowel in <honk> /hɒŋk (US) hɑːŋk/ is nasalized without pronouncing the <n> at all. I simply provide the word for you to practice making a nasalized, "aa" sound. In fact, you should be able to pronounce the first part of <honk> without pronouncing <nk> at all (that is, without your tongue ever touching the top of your mouth) and still be able to hear the difference between the sounds of the nasalized and unnasalized vowel sound. A nasalized vowel does not mean that you end it by making the English, <n> sound with your tongue.
A nasalized vowel, then, sounds exactly like the normal vowel except that air is forced through the nose. To indicate a nasalized vowel, the sign ँ, or candrabindu is placed above the horizontal line from which the vowel "hangs." Thus, if the vowel of our two English words were to be transliterated into Hindi, the words would appear as "h
k" and "h
nk," which means that the maatraa
UKT:
<hawk> /hɔːk (US) hɑːk/ -- rendition into Devanagari: हा
<honk> /hɒŋk (US) hɑːŋk/ -- rendition into Devanagari: हाँ
Devanagari virama - adapted from: Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, chapter 9
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch9.pdf
Devanagari employs a sign known in Sanskrit as the virama [viram] or vowel omission sign to "kill" the inherent vowel. In Hindi it is called hal or halant, (Tamil pulli), and that term is used in referring to the virama or to a consonant with its vowel suppressed by the virama; the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.
The virama sign, ् U094D [Sign Virama], nominally serves to cancel (or kill) the inherent vowel of the consonant to which it is applied. When a consonant has lost its inherent vowel by the application of virama, it is known as a dead consonant; in contrast, a live consonant is one that retains its inherent vowel or is written with an explicit vowel-sign. In the Unicode Standard, a dead consonant is defined as a sequence consisting of a consonant letter followed by a virama. The default rendering for a dead consonant is to position the virama as a combining mark bound to the consonant letterform.
Myanmar, like Devanagari employs the
virama sign. It is known as
{a·thut}.
The sign itself
is likened to a flag or streamer
{tän-hkun}. In the examples below, I will be showing the equivalents in Myanmar.
Unicode used the following convention in examples for encoding.
For a consonant C
Cn , denotes "normal" the normal akshara-character with the inherent vowel,
Cl , denotes "live", the same as "normal", and
Cd , denotes "dead" consonant form with the inherent vowel killed.Encoding sequence: U0924 + U094D . Type in U0924 and without putting in the white-space, type in U094D.
Tan + viram --> Td -- Unicode
UKT: Unicode subscripts "n" for "normal" in "Tan", and "d" for "dead" in "Td" are redundant. "Ta" itself suggests it is normal (with the inherent vowel "a"), and "T" without the "a" shows that it is "dead".
त [Ta] + ् (viram) --> त् [T]
{ta.} +
{t}
Note:
Using the same line of construction, we have:
Encoding sequence: U0915 + U094D
Kan + viram --> Kd -- Unicode
क [Ka] + ् (viram) --> क् [K]
{k} [mute] -- Note the presence of
UKT: We need to redefine: conjunct, consonant-cluster, ligature (ligate), and medial.
You will see two kinds of conjuncts in Burmese-Myanmar:
1. horizontal conjuncts, e.g.{ththa.} [mute].
{tha.kri:} /|tha. gji:|/- n. name of the symbol of double
{tha.}. -- MEDict484
2. vertical conjuncts, e.g.{kka.} [mute].
{pàHt-hsing.} /|pa' hsin.|/- n. subscripted letters in Pali. -- MEDict272
Though vertical conjuncts are easily identified in Burmese-Myanmar, horizontal conjuncts such as
Adapted from: Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, chapter 9
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch9.pdf
The Indic scripts are noted for a large number of consonant conjunct forms that serve as orthographic abbreviations (ligatures) of two or more adjacent letterforms. This abbreviation takes place only in the context of a consonant cluster. An "orthographic consonant cluster" is defined as a sequence of characters that represents one or more dead consonants (denoted Cd ) followed by a normal, live consonant letter (denoted Cl ).
UKT: Unicode subscript "n" for "normal" is enough to indicate that it is "live", and so the use of subscript "l" is confusing. That is Cn = Cl .
In the Unicode Standard, under normal circumstances, a consonant cluster is depicted with a conjunct glyph if such a glyph is available in the current font(s). In the absence of a conjunct glyph, the one or more dead consonants that form part of the cluster are depicted using half-form glyphs. In the absence of half-form glyphs, the dead consonants are depicted using the nominal consonant forms combined with visible virama signs:
Encoding sequence: U0915 + U094D + U0915
Kad + Kal --> K.Kan -- Uncode
क् [K] + क [Ka] --> क्क [KKa]
The following is from: D. Vujastyk, 25 June 1996 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/transliteration/translit.pdf. See downloaded file.
{pa.} +
{p} [mute]
{ppa.} [mute].
However, a horizontal ligature is allowed in Devanagari:
प [Pa] + ् viram --> प् [P]
प् [P] + प [Pa] --> प्प [PPa]
A similar situation is met in Myanmar ligates or consonant clusters. For example:
This ligate is found in the Burmese-Myanmar word for "university"
{tak~ka. thol}.
Note that in
{kka.}
{tän-hkun} or
the
{a·thut}-sign,
,
is hidden. Burmese-Myanmar ligates are generally vertical.
However, there are some horizontal ligates:
{pyiñ~ña} (meaning 'education') -- derived from:
{paith~tha} (a unit of weight, approx. = 1.6 kg) -- derived from:
Apology: I have been writing
{pyiñ~ña} would be pronounced as {pa.Ña} if it were not a ligate. So also,
without the ligature,
{paith~tha} might be pronounced as {pi.tha}.
The correct spelling in Burmese-Myanmar for
spelling to {pa.Ña}, noting that when r2 consonants are involved, there is the {ya.ping.} sound.
Some Devanagari consonant letters have alternative presentation forms whose choice depends upon neighbouring consonants. This variability is especially notable for र U0930 [Ra], which has numerous different forms, both as the initial element and as the final element of a consonant cluster.
A similar change in shape or
form is found in Burmese-Myanmar. The consonant
{ra.} changes to
when
conjoined with
{wa.} to form
{rwa.}; and,
with 
{ha.}
to form
{rha.}.
{rha.}
is pronounced as /ʃ/ as in <ship> /ʃɪp/. From {ra.} , {ha.} and {wa.}, we can
have
{rhwa.}.
By Myanmar "medials", we usually mean
those formed from a consonant, with
{ya.},
{ra.},
{wa.}
or/and
{ha.}, singly, doubly or triply. Through such a process, formation of a large
number of medials is possible on paper. These we will refer to as orthographic
medials. However, your vocal apparatus may not be
able to articulate them. Thus the number of medials allowed is restricted. This
is not the case in Devanagari medials -- at least for those who were not born
into a Sanskrit or Hindi speaking family.
त [Ta] + ् viram --> त् [T]
त् [T] + र [Ra] --> त्र [TRa] (notice that त [Ta] has lost its inherent vowel "a")The above example from D. Vujastyk, 25 June 1996 http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/transliteration/translit.pdf shows the formation of
{ra.ris}.
{ra.} -->
{tra.} (notice that
For formation of the medial (or conjunct)
{ra.} --
{pra.}
Though Burmese-Myanmar allows medial-formation with
{ya.},
{ra.},
{wa.} and
{ha.} only, Sanskrit-Devanagari allows more to be formed. I must admit that at
the present my knowledge of Pali is very limited, I cannot make any comments on
Pali-Myanmar. The following example is from: D. Vujastyk, 25 June 1996
http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucgadkw/members/transliteration/translit.pdf.
ज [Ja] + ् viram --> ज् [J]
ज् [J] + ञ [Nya] --> ज्ञ [JNya]
If we are to use the names given by D. Vujastyk, i.e. " ñ for <nya>, we get:
ज [ja] + ् viram --> ज् [j]
ज् [j] + ञ [ña] --> ज्ञ [jña] (not allowed in Burmese-Myanmar)क [ka] + ् viram --> क् [k]
क् [k] + ष [ṣa] --> क्ष [kṣa] note: ष U0937 is [Ssa] in XP
(not allowed in Burmese-Myanmar)
It is noteworthy that the traditional Sanskrit-Devanagari alphabetic encoding order for consonants follows articulatory phonetic principles, starting with velar consonants and moving forward to bilabial consonants, followed by liquids and then fricatives. ISCII and the Unicode Standard both observe this traditional order.
based on Writing Systems followed in Indian languages http://acharya.iitm.ac.in/linguistics/wrisys.php
The basic quantum for a syllable is a combination of one or more consonants and a vowel. A vowel or consonant by itself is also treated as a syllable. A syllable may be logically viewed as
V
C
CV
CCV
CCCV
CCCCV
CCC...V
Here V represents a vowel
and C a consonant. When a consonant by itself constitutes a syllable, it
is assumed that it has 'a' as the vowel as part of the syllable. This
representation corresponds to the phonetic description of the syllable
in terms of the more basic sounds of the language.
Examples from Devanagari and Myanmar
U0915 + U0909 (vowel letter)
क + उ
Ka + U
For syllable formation, we use the vowel-sign ु (U0941) instead of the vowel-letter उ (U0909) without insertion of + sign or white-space.
Ka + U --> कु Ku
-->
{ka.} + {U.} --> {ku.}
U0921+U094D+U0921-->
ड + ् + ड --> ड्ड
Dda + viram + Dda --> DdDda
+
{ða.} +
Writing sequence from:
http://nt.med.ncku.edu.tw/biochem/lsn/Pali/Devanagari/pali-devanagari-map.htm
The first consonant character क U0915 [Ka] of Devanagari hand-written script:
Note that the overhead horizontal line is written last of all. This
akshara-character corresponds to Myanmar
{ka.} and has the same sound. In fact, all the Myanmar akshara-characters have
the corresponding Devanagari akshara-characters except in a very cases. And
one-to-one transliteration is a reality.
conjunct
adj. 1. Joined together; united. 2. Acting in
association; combined: “ the conjunct . . . influences of fire and strong
drink ” Thomas Love Peacock 3. Music Of or relating to
successive tones of the scale.
n. 1. One that is in conjunction or association with another.
2. Logic One of the components of a conjunction. [Middle English from
Latin coni¿nctus,past participle of coniungere to join together; See
conjoin ] -- AHTD
UKT: I came across the word consonant conjunct
on this page. See consonant-cluster in my notes. I
am concluding that the three words " conjunct", "consonant-conjunct" and
"consonant-cluster" are the same. A conjunct need not be pronounceable. There is
another word, "medial" which is a
conjunct but which is pronounceable.
Go back conjunct-b
consonant-cluster
"The Indic scripts are
noted for a large number of consonant conjunct forms that serve as orthographic
abbreviations (ligatures) of two or more adjacent letterforms. This abbreviation
takes place only in the context of a consonant cluster. An "orthographic
consonant cluster" is defined as a sequence of characters that represents one or
more dead consonants (denoted Cd ) followed by a normal, live
consonant letter (denoted Cl )." -- The Unicode Standard, Version
4.0, Unicode Consortium,
http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/
UKT: Unicode subscript "n" for "normal" is enough to indicate that it is "live",
and so the use of subscript "l" is confusing. That is Cn = Cl
.
Go back conso-cluster-b1
conso-cluster-b2
inherent
vowel -- UKT
Most of my sources would just say that every consonant or consonantal
akshara-character contains an inherent vowel "similar" to English 'short a'. Of
course, none knows what a Burmese-Myanmar "inherent vowel" sounds like, and so I
have been at a loss for so many years. My quest to pin the inherent vowel down
has been my "holy grail" all along. The problem also lies in the nature of the
English vowels which are pronounced slightly different from country to country,
from ethnic group to ethnic group, and also from age-group to age-group. Up to
this moment, the most I can come up is to refer to the vowel quadrilateral shown
on the right and say that the Burmese-Myanmar inherent vowel seems to have the
sound of any of the three English vowels: /a/ /æ/ or /ə/.
What about the Sanskrit-Devanagari "inherent vowel"? According to Omniglot www.omniglot.com/writing/sanskrit.htm, the inherent vowel is /ʌ/ and क [ka] has the sound /kʌ/. See the downloaded file Sanskrit-Omniglot.htm in accompanying library.
UKT: Note the IPA vowel for the "inherent vowel" in
• अ (U0905) [a] /ʌ/ --
• आ (U0906) [ā] /aː/ --{a}
Omniglot-author seems to take the inherent vowel to be /ʌ/ (a back-vowel) and then for the next vowel to be /aː/ (a front-vowel). If you are to refer to the vowel-trapezoid given above, it does not seem to be exactly right. However, since I know next to nothing of Sanskrit, I could be dead wrong.
Go back in-vow-b
ligate
The word "ligate" is a verb. (ligate v. tr. ligated ligating
ligates 1. To tie or bind with a ligature. -- AHTD)
Though "ligate"
has no noun form I will be using it as a noun -- the product of tying together.
-- UKT
Go back ligate-b1 ligate-b2
ligature
n. 1. The act of tying or binding. 2. A cord, wire, or
bandage used for tying or binding. 3. A thread, wire, or cord used in
surgery to close vessels or tie off ducts. 4. Something that unites; a
bond. 5. A character, letter, or type, such as æ , combining two
or more letters. 6. Music a. A group of notes intended to
be played or sung as one phrase. b. A curved line indicating such a
phrase; a slur.
v. tr. ligatured ligaturing ligatures 1. To ligate. [Middle
English from Old French from Late Latin ligātūra from Latin ligātus,past
participle of ligāreto bind; See leig- in Indo-European Roots.] -- AHTD
Go back ligature-b
Magic square
n. 1. A square that contains numbers arranged in equal rows and
columns in such a way that the sum of each row or column, taken vertically,
horizontally, or diagonally, is the same. -- AHTD
Go back magi-sq-b
Magical powers: Cult of the Runes
"The cult of magic and witchcraft originally included also
the cult of the runes. The runes consisted of magical squares containing either
letters of the Burmese alphabet or arithmetical figures, and it is believed that
every potent rune is guarded by a guardian (god, goddess, demons, etc.).
For reasons which are not known,
the cult of the runes suddenly regained its popularity in the fifteenth century,
when it took over many ideas from the cult of alchemy. Instead of experimenting
in either iron or mercury, the follower of the cult of the runes experiments in
casting square after square until he discovers the right squares. When he has
discovered them he has to go through a final process; either, like the
alchemist, he is buried underground for seven days, or he is burnt in a fire for
three nights. Then he emerges as a Zawgyi or 'a successful alchemist'. When the
cult regained its popularity in the fifteenth century it had disassociated
itself entirely from the cult of black-magic and witchcraft
(
{auk lam:} -- literally: the Lower Path) and, in addition, it had
hidden its origin under the cloak of devotion to Buddhism. It portrays itself as white-magic
(
{a·htak lam:). This explains why a
follower of this cult has now to keep the Eight or Ten Precepts and abstain from
eating any meat while he is casting the runes. Usually he goes into retreat for
a period of forty-nine days before casting a rune or a series of runes."
Adapted from: Folk Elements in Burmese Buddhism by Maung Htin Aung,
Religious Affairs Department Press, Yegu, Kaba Aye P.O., Rangoon, Burma, 1981.
Go back magi-pow-b
medial
adj. 2. Linguistics Being a sound, syllable, or letter
occurring between the initial and final positions in a word or morpheme.
n. Linguistics 1. A voiced stop, such as (b), (d), or (g). Also
Called media. 2. A sound, letter, or form of a letter that is neither
initial nor final. [Late Latin mediāis from Latin medius middle;
See medhyo- in Indo-European Roots.] -- AHTD
Go back medial-b1 medial-b2
medial-b3
Rune
n. 1. a. Any of the characters in
several alphabets used by ancient Germanic peoples from the 3rd to the 13th
century. b. A similar character in another alphabet, sometimes believed
to have magic powers. 2. A poem or an incantation of mysterious
significance, especially a magic charm. [Possibly Old Norse or Old English
r¿n] - AHTD
Go back rune-b
Virama or vowel-killer
The consonants in languages derived from Brahmi have an inherent vowel
resembling a short English <a>. Under certain circumstances, this inherent
vowel has to be removed or "killed". The sign used is known as a.
{a·thut} in Burmese-Myanmar
or virama in Sanskrit-Devanagari. In this text (e.g. CVÇ) the Ç
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA stands for a killed consonant.
Go back viram-b
Velar consonants.
Derived from the word "velar" adjective for velum or soft palate. Velar
consonants are formed by articulation with the back of the tongue touching or
near the soft palate, as /g/ in <good> and /k/ in <cup> (AHTD). These consonants
are usually described by Pali scholars as
"gutturals". See
Bama or Burmese language.
Go back velar-cons-b
End of TIL file
