TIL

Burmese-Myanmar Grammar
in Romabama

tx05adverb.htm

by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) and staff of TIL (Tun Institute of Learning, http://www.tuninst.net ). Start: 2007 July
Based on:
• Myanmar Thuddar {mran-ma thad~da}, Volume 1, Module 1, by Myanmar Language Commission (MLC), Ministry of Education, Government of the Union of Myanmar (in Burmese-Myanmar) . Date of publication: around 1986
• Digitized version of MLC Myanmar Thuddar by Daw Thet-thet Theint Han and staff of TIL, 2003 July.

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BG4M-indx |Top
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05. kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. <Adverb>
  05. lé.kying.hkan: Exercise
05.01. wi.Bat <Postpositional-marker>
  Examples of wi.Bat
  05.01. lé.kying.hkan: Exercise
UKT notes

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05. kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. <Adverb>

MLC states
kri.ya ko  a.thu: pru.thau:  poad ko  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. <adverb> hu.  hkau thæÑ//

• kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. /[kari. ja wi. thei thana.]/ - n. Gramm. adverb. -- MEDict038

• adverb n. Abbr. adv. Grammar 1. A part of speech comprising a class of words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. 2. A word belonging to this class, such as rapidly in The dog runs rapidly. [Middle English adverbe from Old French from Latin adverbium ad- in relation to; See ad- verbum word; See wer- 5 in Indo-European Roots.] -- MEDict

Example 1.

1.1. maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  kyaung: tho.  thwa: thæÑ//
1.2. maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  kyaung: tho.  mran-mran  thwa: thæÑ//

pa.hta.ma. wa-kra. 1.1. nhÉik  maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  kyaung: tho.  thwa: kyaung: ko  hpau-pra. thæÑ// du.ti.ya. wa-kya. 1.2. nhÉik mu  maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  kyaung: tho.  mæÑ-tho.  thwa:kraung: ko  hpau-pra. hta: thæÑ//

maung-lha.wing:  kyaung: tho.  mæÑ-tho. thwa: tha.næÑ://
mran-mran  thwa: thæÑ//
mran-mran hu thau:  poad thæÑ  thwa: hu thau:  kri.ya  ko  a.htu: pru.thæÑ// I-tho.  kri.ya ko  a.htu: pru. thæÑ.  poad ko  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na.  hu.  hkau thæÑ// hto.kraung.  mran-mran  thæÑ  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na.  hpris thæÑ//

Example 2.

2.1. maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  hsa.ra ko  kan-tau. thæÑ//
2.2. maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  hsa.ra ko  ro-thé-swa  kan-tau. thæÑ//

pa.hta.ma. wa-kya. 2.1. nhÉik  maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  hsa.ra ko  kan-tau. kraung:  hpau-pra. thæÑ// du.ti.ya. wa-kya. 2.2. nhÉik mu  maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  hsa.ra ko  mæÑ-tho.  kan-tau. kraung:  hpau-pra. hta: thæÑ//

maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  hsa.ra ko  mæÑ-tho.  kan-tau. tha.næÑ://
ro-thé-swa  kan-tau.  thæÑ//
I-twing  ro-thé-swa  hu-thau:  poad thæÑ  kan-tau. hu-thau: kri.ya ko  a.htu: pru. thæÑ// I-tho. kri.ya ko  a.htu: pru.thæÑ. poad ko kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. hu.  hkau thæÑ// hto.kraung.  ro-thé-swa  thæÑ  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na.  hpris thæÑ//

UKT: The adverbial after-word {swa} before the verb is similar to adjectival {thau:} before the noun. The use of {swa} is not met in colloquial speech. However, the adverb preceding the verb is met in colloquial speech, the adverb will not have the {swa} attached. And, I will rewrite 2.2. as:

2.2. colloquial:
maung-lha.wing: thæÑ  hsa.ra ko  ro-ro-thé-thé  kan-tau. thæÑ// ¹

UKT: ¹ a-waiting approval from my peers.

kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. mya:
mran-mran / ro-thé-swa / ma.kra.hka.Na. / mu.hkya. /
næÑ:næÑ: / a.thé-a.hkya / a.mrat-ta.no: /
ta.rwé.rwé. / ta.doan:doan: / pa.ma-ma.hkan.  sa.thæÑ

UKT: Instead of the {swa}, the adverbs usually have the words repeated in colloquial speech. e.g. {mran-mran}, {ro-ro-thé-thé}, {ma.kra-ma.kra}.

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05. Exercise
lé.kying.hkan:

1. kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. iÉ.  a.Daip~pÈý ko  ré: pa//

2. auk-pa wa-kya. a.thi:thi: nhÉik  pa-wing thau:  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. ko  myiñ:tha: pa//

01. a.lau:ta.kri:  loap-lying  a.mha: twé. tat thæÑ//

02. lu-hkyis-lu-hking  mya:lo-lying  sa.ka: ko  hkyo-hkyo-tha-tha  prau: pa//

03. mi.hking thæÑ  tha:ngèý ko  yu.yu.ya.ya.  peik-htwé: thæÑ//

04. mi:laung lhying  mi:that ko  hkak-hking: a.kraung:kra: pa//

05. mæÑ-thæÑ. kais~sa. ma.hso  a.lé:a.nak  hsaung-rwak thing. thæÑ//

06. krak-U. ko  ma.krak-ta.krak  proat pa//

07. Ba.kri:hpro: thæÑ  kwam: ko  ta.mroän.mroän.  wa: né thæÑ//

08. hta.ming: ko  pa.loat-pa.laung:  ma.sa: pa nhing.//

09. sam:ré  ta.thwing-thwing  si: né thæÑ//

10. nhis-pat-læÑ  hsu.nhing:tha.Bing ko  ta.hkam:ta.na:  kying: pa. thæÑ//

3. pé:hta:thau:  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na.  tis-hku. si ko  auk-pa  kwak-lap a.thi:thi: twing  hsi-lyau-aung præÑ. pa//

Given:
a.prat / ro-thé-swa / ta.saim.saim. / ta.si-si / kan.lan. /
ta.kauk-kauk / being-hka.nè: / ta.wa. / thæÑ:htan-swa / tis-hkè:nak /

01. mi.hking thæÑ  tha:ngèý iÉ.  myak-nha ko ____ kræÑ. thæÑ//

02. Ña.aip-ra wing-hkyain nhÉik  a.sa ko ____ sa:lhying a.sa-ma.kré hpris tat thæÑ//

03. ka.lé:ngèý thæÑ  kram: pau tho. ____ lè: kya. thwa: thæÑ//

04. lu-htu.kri: thæÑ  præÑ-htaung-su.né.  a.hkam:a.na: tho. _____ hkyi-tak la thæÑ//

05. mo:U:kya. a.hka twing  pu.ris to. thæÑ ____ au-mræÑ kra. thæÑ//

06. aung-nak thæÑ  thu. tha.hking  thwa:lé-ra tho. ____ leik-thæÑ//
   UKT: {aung-nak} is a common name for a dog.

07. "mïn~ga.la pa hsa.ra"  hu.  kyaung:tha: kyaung:thu mya: ka.  hsa.ra ko _____ nhoat hsak kra. thæÑ//

08. this-ping-kri: tis-ping thæÑ  lè: rwÉ.  lam:ma.kri: pau nhÉik ____ hkän né thæÑ//

09. a.ni-raung a.thing: ka.  a.wa-raung a.thing: ko ____ neing leik thæÑ//

10. mo: ____ rwa thæÑ//

4. kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na.  5-hku. ko  ré: pa//

5. auk-pa  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na. to. nhing.  kri.ya to. ko  hsi-lyau-aung  twè: pa//

01. ta.hkis-hkis / 02. ro-thé-swa / 03. hkyis-hkyis-tauk / 04. ta.rhoap-rhoap / 05. Ñi-Ñwat-swa /
06. rhwè:rhwè: / 07. ma.neing.ta.neing / 08. ta.hoan:hoan: / 09. tha-ya-swa / 10. pa.loap-pa.laung:

(a.) hsaung-rwak thæÑ / (b.) ma. thæÑ / (c.) tauk-laung thæÑ / (d.) so thæÑ / (e.) rèý thæÑ /
(f.) pu thæÑ / (g.) thi-hso thæÑ / (h.) kan-tau. thæÑ / (i.) sa: thæÑ / (j.) ngo thæÑ /

6. auk-pa  kri.ya-wi.thé-tha.na.  a.thi:thi: ko  wa-kya. tis-hku.si twing  thoän: pya. pa//

1. swan.swan.sa:sa: / 2. thé-thap-swa / 3. ta.än.ta.AU: /
4. a.lwè-ta.ku / 5. ma.neing.ta.neing / 6. mran-mran /

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05.01. wi.Bat <Postpositional-marker (ppm)>

MLC states:
naam / naam-sa: to. iÉ.  nauk-nhÉik  tæÑ-rwÉ.  lÉ-kaung: to. thæÑ  kat~ta: <subject> hpris-thæÑ/ kän <object> hpris-thæÑ  sa.thæÑ to. ko lÉ-kaung:/ kri.ya iÉ. nauk-nhÉik  tæÑ-rwÉ.  lÉ-kaung: kri.ya-iÉ.  ka-la. <tense> nhing.  a.myo:a.sa: ko  wé-hpan peing:hkra: pra.thau:  sa.ka:loän: ko  wi.Bat hu. hkau-thæÑ//

The following is my paraphrasing of the above MLC statement:
wi.Bat thæÑ naam (naam-sa:) iÉ.  nauk nhÉik  læÑ:kaung: / kri.ya iÉ. nauk-nhÉik læÑ:kaung: tæÑ rhi. neing thæÑ//
naam (naam-sa:) iÉ. nauk-mha. la thau: a.hka/ hto naam (naam-sa:) thæÑ kat~ta: hpris-thæÑ/ kän hpris-thæÑ ko pra.thæÑ//
kri.ya iÉ. nauk-mha. la thau: a.hka/ hto kri.ya iÉ.  ka-la nhing. a.myo:a.sa: ko pra.thæÑ//

• wi.Bat /[wi. ba']/ - n. Gram  post-positional marker; word suffixed to a noun or pronoun to designate it as the subject or object, and to a verb to indicate time or mood. -- MEDict475
• wi.Bat-thwèý /[wi. ba' thwe]/ - v. 1 Pali Gramm. inflect. 2 Myan Gramm. suffix a ppm to a noun, pronoun, or verb to indicate some kind of grammatical relation.-- MEDict475

UKT: Do not be confused with a similarly pronounced word:
• wi.paak /[wi. be']/ - n. result, effect, consequence of one's deeds. -- MEDict475

• suffix Grammar n. Abbr. suff. suf. 1. An affix added to the end of a word or stem, serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending, such as -ness in gentleness, -ing in walking, or -s in sits. v. tr. suffixed suffixing suffixes 1. To add as a suffix. [New Latin suffīxum from Latin, neuter of suffīxus, past participle of suffīgere to fasten underneath, affix sub- sub- fīgere to fix, fasten; See dh ºg w - in Indo-European Roots.] -- AHTD

UKT: From the above definitions, we can see that {wi.Bat} is not a <suffix>, and I usually describes it as an "after-word". It functions like a preposition. See SVO and SOV languages in my notes. I am waiting comments from my peers.

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Examples of {wi.bat}

Example 1: {naam wi.Bat}

1. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  thwa: thæÑ//

• I-wa-kya. nhÉik  maung-thän-hkyaung thæÑ  pru.thu  hpris-thæÑ//
• maung-thän-hkyaung  pru.thu hpris-kraung: ko  maung-thän-hkyaung:  hu thau:  naam nauk-rhi.  thæÑ  hu-thau: sa.ka:loän: ka.  pra.thæÑ//
• hto.kraung.  thæÑ  thæÑ  wi.Bat  hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: Sentence 1 reads: <Maung Than Gyaung goes.>
In the English sentence, because of the English syntax, we know that the noun, Maung Than Gyaung, is the subject. In Burmese, because of the Burmese syntax, we need a {wi.Bat thæÑ} to show that the noun {maung-thän-hkyaung:}, is the subject.

Example 2: {naam wi.Bat}

2. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  man~ta.lé: tho.  thwa: thæÑ//

• I-wa-kya. nhÉik  maung-thän-hkyaung: thwa: thau: né-ra mha  man~ta.lé: hpris-thæÑ//
• maung-thän-hkyaung:  rhé:rhu. thwa: thæÑ.  né-ra thæÑ  man~ta.lé: hpris-kraung: ko  man~ta.lé: hu-thau:  naam nauk-rhi.  tho.  hu-thau: sa.ka:loän: ka.  pra.thæÑ//
• hto.kraung.  tho.  thæÑ wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: Sentence 2 reads: <Maung Than Gyaung goes to Mandalay.>.
{wi.Bat tho.} acts as the preposition <to> in <to Mandalay>.

Example 3: {naam wi.Bat}

3. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  ran-koan mha.  man~ta.lé: tho. thwa: thæÑ//

• I-wa-kya. nhÉik  maung-thän-hkyaung: htwak-hkwa ra né-ra thæ  ran-koan  hpris thæÑ//
• maung-thän-hkyaung:  htwak-hkwa ra mha  ran-koan  hpris-kraung: ko  ran-koan hu-thau:  naam-nauk-rhi.  mha. hu-thau:  sa.ka:loän: ka. pra.thæ//
• hto.kraung:  mha.  thæÑ wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: Sentence 3 reads: <Maung Than Gyaung goes from Rangoon to Mandalay.>
{wi.Bat mha.} acts as the preposition <from> in <from Rangoon>.

Example 4: {naam wi.Bat}

4. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  ran-koan mha.  man~ta.lé tho.  ka: hpring.  thwa: thæÑ//

• I-wa-kya. nhÉik  maung-thän-hkyaung: thwa: ra nhÉik a.thoän: pru. thau:  a.ra mha  ka: hpris thæÑ//
• maung-thän-hkyaung: iÉ.  a.thoän: pru. hkying: hkän-ra.thau:  a.ra hpris-kraung: ko  ka: hu-thau:  naam-nauk-rhi.  hpring. hu-thau sa.ka:loän: ka. pra.thæÑ//
• hto.kraung. hpring. thæÑ wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: Sentence 4 reads: <Maung Than Gyaung goes from Rangoon to Mandalay by car.>
{wi.Bat hpring.} acts as the preposition <by> in <by car.>

Example 5: {naam wi.Bat}

5. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  sa-oap ko  hsa.ra. a:  pé:thæÑ//

• I-wa-kya. nhÉik  hsa.ra. a:  maung-thän-hkyaung: pé:thæÑ.  a.ra-mha  sa-oap  hpris-thæÑ//
• sa-oap thæÑ  a.pé:hkän-ra.thau:  pis~pæÑ: hpris-kraung: ko  sa-oap  hu-thau:  naam-iÉ. nauk-rhi.  ko  hu-thau: sa.ka:loän: ka. pra.thæÑ//
• hto.kraung.  ko  thæÑ wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: Sentence 5 reads: <Maung Than Gyaung gives the book to Saya.>
In a way this is similar to sentence 1 which reads: <Maung Than Gyaung goes.> We know that the subject is Maung Than Gyaung, because of the English syntax. In Burmese, we need a {wi.Bat} to show the subject. Note that the {wi.Bat} follows the noun. Similarly, in sentence 5, we know what was given is the book because of the English syntax. In Burmese, a {wi.Bat} is needed after the noun (the book) to show that it was being referred to.

Example 6: {naam wi.Bat}

6. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  ran-koan-mro  nhÉik  né-thæÑ//

• I-wa-kya. nhÉik  maung-thän-hkyaung:  né-hteing-ra mro. mha  ran-koan  hpris-kraung: ko  ran-koan-mro.  hu-thau: naam-iÉ nauk-rhi.  nhÉik  hu-thau: sa.ka:loän: ka. pra.thæÑ//
• hto.kraung.  nhÉik  thæÑ wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: Sentence 6 reads: <Maung Than Gyaung lives in Rangoon.>
{wi.Bat nhÉik} acts as the preposition <in> in <in Rangoon>.

Example 7: {kri.ya wi.Bat}

7. 1. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  ran-koan-mro  nhÉik  né  thæÑ//
7.2. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  lwan-hkè.thau:  nga:nhis ka. man~ta.lé: nhÉik  né  thæÑ//

• a.htak-pa  wa-kya. nhis-hku. to. twing  pa.hta.ma 7.1 wa-kya. nhÉik rhi.thau:  né  hu-thau: kri.ya iÉ.  nauk-rhi.  thæÑ  thæÑ pis~soap~pan ka-la. <present time>  nhÉik  pru.hkring: ko  pra.thæÑ//
• du.ti.ya. 7.2. wa-kya. nhÉik rhi.thau: né hu-thau:  kri.ya-iÉ. nauk-rhi.  thæÑ thæÑ  lwan-hkè.pri:thau:  a.tait ka-la. <past time> nhÉik  pru.hkring: ko pra.thæÑ//
• hto-tho. kri.ya-iÉ.  ka-la.ko  pra.hking:kraung.  thæÑ thæÑ wi.Bat hpris thæÑ//

UKT: If you refer to my comments on Past Tense in Verb section, you will see that I have taken ka. __ thæÑ as the past tense. In 7.2., the {wi.Bat} for {né}  is  {thæÑ} , and that for {nga:nhis.} is {ka.}. (I am waiting for comments on my view from my peers.)

Example 8: {kri.ya wi.Bat}

8.1. wan-kri: pa.dé-tha.ra-za  thæÑ  than-lying-mro. nhÉik  kwèý-lwan iÉ. //
8.2. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  ran-koan-mro. nhÉik  né iÉ. //

• pa.hta.ma. 8.1 wa-kya. nhÉik  rhi.thau:  kwèý-lwan <verb: die> iÉ.  nauk-rhi.  iÉ. thæÑ  a.tait ka-la. <past time> nhÉik  hpris-hkring: ko pra.thæÑ//
• du.ti.ya. 8.2. wa-kya. nhÉik  rhi.thau:  né <verb: live> iÉ. nauk-rhi.  iÉ. thæÑ  pis~soap~pan ka-la. <present time> nhÉik  pru.hkring: ko  pra.thæÑ//
• hto-tho. kri.ya iÉ.  ka-la. ko pra.hkring:kraung.  iÉ.  thæÑ  wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

Example 9: {kri.ya wi.Bat}

9.1. hsa.ra  la  pri //
9.2. la.kam~Ba tho.  lu-tha:mya:  rauk pri//

• pa.hta.ma. 9.1. wa-kya. nhÉik rhi.thau:  la <verb: come> hu-thau: kri.ya-iÉ. nauk-rhi.  pri  thæÑ pis~soap~pan ka-la. <present time> nkÉik  pru.hkring: ko pra.thæÑ//
• du.ti.ya. 9.2. wa-kya. nhÉik rhi.thau:  rauk <verb: arrive> hu-thau: kri.ya-iÉ. nauk-rhi.  pri thæÉ a.tait ka-la. <past time> nhÉik hpris-hkring: ko pra.thæÑ//
• hto-tho.  kri.ya-iÉ.  ka-la. ko pra.hkring:kraung.  pri thæÑ  wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

mhat-hkyak// // a.htak-pa  wa-kya. 7.,  8.,  9.,  to.ko  htauk-hta:lhying  ba.ma-sa.ka: mran-ma-sa nhÉik a.tait-ka-la.pra. kri.ya-wi.Bat/ pis~soap~pan ka-la.pra. kri.ya-wi.Bat  hu-rwÉ.  thi:hkra: that-mhat thoän:nhoan:hkring: ma.rhi. pa// wa-kya.  a.né-a.hta: a.leik tha-lhying  hkwè:hkra: neing hkring:  hpris-thæÑ//

Example 10: {kri.ya wi.Bat}

10.1. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  man~ta.lé: tho.  ma.nak-hpran  rauk mæÑ//
10.2. kywan-noap to. thæÑ  nwé-ra-thi  kyaung:pait-rak nhÉik  loap-a:pé: kra. mæÑ//

• pa.hta.ma. 10.1. wa-kya. nhÉik rhi.thau:  rauk <verb: arrive> nhing.  du.ti.ya. 10.2. wa-kya. nhÉik rhi.thau:  loap-a:pé: <verb: volunteer> to. thæÑ  kri.ya mya: hpris kra. thæÑ//
• rauk hu-thau: kri.ya  nhing.  loap-a:pé: hu-thau: kri.ya to. iÉ. nauk-nhÉik rhi. thau:  mæÑ thæÑ  hto-kri.ya to. iÉ.  hpris lat~tän. a-na-gat ka-la. <future time> ko pra.thæÑ//
• hto-tho.  kri.ya iÉ.  ka-la. ko pra.hkring:kraung.  mæÑ thæÑ  wi.Bat hpris-thæÑ//

wi.Bat mya:
thæÑ / ka. / ko / a: / tho. / mha. / nhing. /
nhÉik / mha / twing / wèý /
iÉ. / pri / mæÑ  sa.thæÑ

mhat ran // // naam / naam-sa: to. iÉ.  nauk-nhÉik tæÑ-rwÉ. lÉ-kaung: to. thæÑ kat~ta: <subject> hpris-thæÑ / kän <object> hpris-thæÑ to. ko læÑ: kaung: / kri.ya iÉ. nauk-nhÉik tæÑ-rwÉ. lÉ-kaung: kri.ya iÉ. ka-la. <tense> nhing. a.myo:a.sa: ko læÑ:kaung:  wé-hpan peing:hkra: pra.thau: sa.ka.loän: ko  wi.Bat hu.  hkau-thæÑ//

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05.01. Exercise
lé.kying.hkan:

1. wi.Bat iÉ.  a.Daip~pÈý ko  ré: pa//

2. auk-pa  wa-kya.  a.thi:thi: nhÉik  pa-wing-thau:  wi.Bat-mya: ko  myiñ:tha:pa//

01. maung-mring. thæÑ  ka.sa:kwing: nhÉik  Bau:loän: ka.sa: né-thæÑ//

02. aim-na: ka.  hkwé: thæÑ  maung-mring. ko keik thæÑ//

03. maung-mring. ka.  hkwé: ko  toat hpring.  reik-thæÑ//

04. hkwé: thæÑ  a.wé: tho.  htwak pré: thwa: thæÑ//

05. maung-mring. thæÑ  aim tho.  pran-la thæÑ//

06. maung-mring. thæÑ  hkwé: keik thau:  daN-ra a:  thu. a.mé a:  pra. thæÑ//

07. thu. a.mé ka.  daN-ra ko  hsé:htæÑ. pé: thæÑ//

08. ta.nïn~la-né. twing  kyaung: hpwing. thæÑ//

09. maung-mring. thæÑ  lam: ma.lhyauk neing thau: kraung.  aim mha  né thæÑ//

10. thu-ngèý-hkying: mya: ka.  maung-mring. a.twak  kyaung:sa-mya: ko  ku:pé: kra. thæÑ//

11. a.mé ka.  maung-pring. iÉ.  thu-ngèý-hkying: mya: ko moan. loap kywé: thæÑ//

3. auk-pa  kwak-lap a.thi:thi: nhÉik  hsi-lyau thau:  wi.bat ko  hpræÑ.pa//

01. nga:hkoän:ma. tis-kaung ____ tis-lhé loän:  poap thæÑ//

02. mi: ____ ré ____ ngraim: sé neing thæÑ//

03. mran-ma præÑ ____ seik-pyo:ré: neing-ngän tis-neing-ngän  hpris thæÑ//

04. mu:yis hsé:wa: an~ta.rÈý ____ su.paung: ka-kwèý kra.//

05. ta.po.twè:la. ____ hta.ma.nè: hto: kra. thæÑ//

06. I-mé:hkwan: ____ ma.hpré-tat lhying  hsa.ra ____ mé:ran  wan ma.lé: pa nhing.//

07. taung pau ____ taung auk ____ thwa: ran a.twak  hkré-kying hka.ri: ____ tha a:hta: ra.thæÑ//

08. a.sæÑ:a-wé: ____ hsa.ra-kri: ____ a.sæÑ:a.wé: hpwing. main.hkwan: ____ prau: thæÑ//

09. kyaung:tha: thæÑ  sa-oap ____ hsa.ra ____ pé: thæÑ//

10. ran-koan ____ man~ta.lé: ____ thwa: lo lhying  ka: ____ læÑ:kaung: / mi:ra.hta: ____ læÑ:kaung: thwa: neing thæÑ//

4. wi.Bat 5-hku. ko  ré: pa//

5. yhiñ-twè: hpau-pra. hta:thau:  wi.Bat mya: mha.  hsi-lyau thau:  wi.Bat ko  rwé:rwÉ.  kwak-lap twing  hpræÑ. pa//

1. a.loap-tha.ma:né.  a.hkam:a.na: twing  tha.Ba-pa.ti.kri: ____ main.hkwan: mrwak-kra: thæÑ//
( ka. / mha. )

2. lu-ngèý mya: ____ goaN-pru. tän-hsaip  hkyi:mhring. thæÑ// ¹
( a: / ko )

3. maung-maung thæÑ  toat ____ hkwé:hso: ko  reik thæÑ// ¹
( hpring. / nhing. )

4. I tè: ____ wa:kap hpring.  mo:hta: thæÑ//
( ko / a: )

5. thu thæÑ  ran-koan ____ man~ta.lé: tho.  thwa: thæÑ//
( mha. / ka. )

UKT:
¹ - I have changed the sentence to suit the times.

6. auk-pa  mæÑ: (myiñ:tha:) hta: thau:  wi.Bat a.thi:thi: thæÑ  mæÑ-thæÑ. ka-la. ko  pra.kraung: hpau-pra. pa//

1. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  ma.né. ka. hpya: thæÑ//

2. kywan-tau. a.Bo: thæÑ  a.thak 80 rhi. pri//

3. Ba.kri:hpro: thæÑ  nha.loän: rau:ga hpring.  kwèý-lwan thæÑ//

4. maung-thän-hkyaung: thæÑ  piñ~sa.ma.tan: kyaung:tha: hpris iÉ.//

5. thu thæÑ  ma.nak-hpran twing  pran-rauk mæÑ//

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UKT notes

{kat~ta:}

kat~ta: /[ka' ta:]/ - n. Gramm. subject. -- MEDict018
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{kän}

kän /[kan]/ - n. 3 Gramm. object. -- MEDict012
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SVO and SOV languages

This note can also be captioned as:
Prepositional and Postpositional languages. For a discussion of the subject (as a handout)
see: Paul Hagstrom -- www.bu.edu/linguistics/UG/course/lx500-f600/handouts/LgUniv.14.svo.pdf
(this link will not work: the downloaded (070807) is in my collection on Universal Grammar in Linguistics section.

Burmese (syntax: SOV), because of its use of {wi.Bat}, would probably be defined as a 'postpositional language', whereas English (syntax: SVO) because of its use of preposition would probably be defined as a 'prepositional language'. Now, let's see the AHTD on preposition.

• preposition 1 n. Abbr. prep. Grammar 1. In some languages, a word placed before a substantive and indicating the relation of that substantive to a verb, an adjective, or another substantive, as English at, by, in, to, from, and with. 2. A word or construction similar in function to a preposition, such as in regard to or concerning. [Middle English preposicioun from Old French preposicion from Latin praepositiō praepositiōn - a putting before, preposition ( translation of Greek prothesis) from praepositus, past participle of praepōnere to put in front prae- pre- pōnere to put; See apo- in Indo-European Roots.]
   Usage Note: The doctrine that a preposition may not be used to end a sentence was first promulgated by Dryden, probably on the basis of a specious analogy to Latin, and was subsequently refined by 18th-century grammarians. The rule has since become one of the most venerated maxims of schoolroom grammatical lore. But sentences ending with prepositions can be found in the works of most of the great writers since the Renaissance. In fact, English syntax allows and sometimes requires final placement of the preposition. Such placement is the only possible one in sentences such as We have much to be thankful for or That depends on what you believe in. Efforts to rewrite such sentences to place the preposition elsewhere will have comically stilted results; for example: We have much for which to be thankful or That depends on that in which you believe. · Even sticklers for the traditional rule can have no grounds for criticizing sentences such as I don't know where she will end up or It's the most curious book I've ever run across. In these examples, up and across are used as adverbs, not prepositions, as demonstrated by the ungrammaticality of sentences such as I don't know up where she will end and It's the most curious book across which I have ever run. -- AHTD

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