TIL

Burmese-Myanmar Grammar
in Romabama

tx02pronoun.htm

by U Kyaw Tun (UKT) and staff of TIL (Tun Institute of Learning, http://www.tuninst.net ). Start: 2007 July
Based on:
• Myanmar Thuddar {mran-ma thad~da}, Volume 1, Module 1, by Myanmar Language Commission (MLC), Ministry of Education, Government of the Union of Myanmar (in Burmese-Myanmar) . Date of publication: around 1986
• Digitized version of MLC Myanmar Thuddar by Daw Thet-thet Theint Han and staff of TIL, 2003 July.

Contents of this page

BG4M-indx |Top
Contents of this page

02. naam-sa: Pronoun
02.01. What is {naam-sa:} or Pronoun?
  02.01. lé.kying.hkan: Exercise
02.02. laing Gender
  02.02. lé.kying.hkan: Exercise
02.03. kaing: Number
  02.03. lé.kying.hkan: Exercise
UKT notes

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02. naam-sa: <Pronoun>

naam iÉ.  a.sa:  thoän: thau:  poad ko  naam-sa: <pronoun> hu.  hkau thæÑ // -- MLC

MLC states that any term or word that stands for a <noun> is a <pronoun>. As there are more than one kind of a <noun> there are several kinds of <pronouns>. -- UKT

• naam-sa: /[nan za:]/ - n. Gram. pronoun -- MEDict238

• pronoun  n. Abbr. pron. pr. Grammar 1. One of a class of words that function as substitutes for nouns or noun phrases and designate persons or things asked for, previously specified, or understood from the context. -- AHTD

Since Burmese-Myanmar is not gender-specific, both English pronouns <he> and <she> are interpreted as {thu} in Burmese. If you would like to be "gender-specific" you can use the coined word {thu-ma.} literally meaning "the female he". I am of the opinion that Burmese grammar is much more easier than English grammar because of being non gender-specific.

Burmese-Myanmar is more complex in personal pronouns because of cultural usage. Thus, the English personal pronouns <I> and <you> are to be substituted in Burmese in ways appropriate to the situation. The most direct, and the most "rude" way would be to substitute {nga} for <I> and {ning} for <you>. Then, you might ask: What is the correct and proper way? For that, I will ask another person to answer, and for the time being, you will have to just wait.

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02.01. What is {naam-sa:} or pronoun?

naam iÉ. a.sa:  thoän: thau:  poad ko  naam sa: hu. hkau thæÑ//
Let us look at the following sets of sentences:

1.1. maung-maung  thæÑ kyaung: tho. thwa:  thwa: thæÑ//
1.2. thu thæÑ  piñ~sa.ma. tan: kyaung: tha:  hpris thæÑ//

pa.hta.ma. wa-kya. (1.1.) nhÉik rhi. thau:  maung-maung thæÑ  naam  hpris thæÑ// du.ti.ya. wa-kya. (1.2.) nhÉik  rhi. thau:  thu  hu thau:  poad thæÑ  naam-poad  maung-maung  iÉ. né ra twing  a.sa: hto: rwÉ.  thoän: thau:  poad hpris thæÑ// hto. kraung.  thu  hu thau: poad thæÑ  naam-sa:  hpris thæÑ//

2.1. mo-mo  thæÑ  laim~ma thau:  hsing tis kaung  hpris thæÑ//
2.2. thu  thæÑ  krän ko  a.lwan kreik thæÑ//

pa.hta.ma. wa-kya. (2.1.) nhÉ. rhi. thau:  mo-mo  thæÑ naam hpris thæÑ// du.ti.ya. wa-kya. (2.2.) nhÉik  rhi. thau:  thu  hu thau:  poad thæÑ  naam-poad  mo-mo  iÉ.  né-ra twing  a.sa: hto: rwÉ.  thoän: thau:  poad hpris thæÑ// hto.kraung.  thu  hu thau:  poad thæÑ  naam-sa:  hpris thæÑ//

3.1. maung maung  thæÑ  man~ta.lé: tho.  thwa: thæÑ//
3.2. hto  mha. tis hsing.  mé-mro. tho.  hka.ri:  hsak mæÑ//

pa.hta.ma. wa-kya. (3.1.) nhÉik rhi. thau:  man~ta.lé:  thæÑ  naam  hpris thæÑ// du.ti.ya. wa-kya. (3.2.) nhÉik rhi. thau:  hto  hu thau: poad thæÑ  naam-sa:  hpris thæÑ//

naam-sa: mya:
thu / ming: / nga / kywan-tau / kywan-ma. / rhing / thing
hking-bya: / ning / ÑæÑ: / kyoap / kywan~noap /
mi.mi. / thing / hto / I / lÉ-kaung:  sa.thæÑ

mhat ran // // naam iÉ. a.sa:  thoän:thau:  poad ko  naam-sa: hu.  hkau thæÑ//

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02.01. Exercise
lé.kying.hkan:

01. naam-sa: iÉ.  a.Daip~pÈý ko ré:pa//

02. thing  thi.thau:  naam-sa:  (5) hku. ko ré: pa//

03. auk pa  wa-kya. a.thi:thi: nhÉik  pa wing thau:  naam-sa: mya: ko  myiñ: tha: pa //

1. "di né. kyaung: hsing: ring  ming: ko  kyaung: auk ka.  nga  saung. né mèý" hu.  hsa.ra ka.  maung wing: ko  prau: thæÑ//

2. "lam: kroän tha: pè:/  rhing lè:  kyaung: hsing: tau.  kywan-ma. to. nè.  pran leik pa la:"  hu.  ma.é: ka.  maung wing:  ko  a.hpau sap thæÑ//

3. "kywan-tau  leik lo.  ma.hpris Bu: hting tèý/ hsa.ra  kyaung: auk ka.  saung. né tèý / hking-bya:  pran nhing. pé tau."  hu.  maung wing: ka.  ma.é: ko  prau: thæÑ//

4. "ÑæÑ:  pran ra. mha  tis yauk tæÑ:  hpris né ring  kyoap  a.hpau leik hkè. mèý lé"  hu.  ma.Boat ka.  ma.é: ko  prau: thæÑ//

5. "ning  leik la ring  po kaung: ta pau./  ning rau:  nga rau:  nhis yauk sa. loän:  a.hpau ra. thwa: ta pau."  hu.  ma.é: ka. wam: tha a:ra.  prau: leik thæÑ//

04. auk-pa  kwak lap a.thi:thi: nhÉik  hsi lyau thau:  naam-sa: ko  hpræÑ. pa //

1. "____ a.pring  hka.Na.  thwa: pa ra. sé  hsa.ra-ma."  hu.  maung-hkeing ka.  hkwing. taung: thæÑ//

2. "la mèý.  ta.nïn~ga.nwé-né. mha ____ roap-rhing thwa: hkying tèý kwa/ ____ a.mé. ko  prau: pa la:/ ____ to. a.tu-tu htwa:  kra. mèý"  hu.  maung-mring. ka.  maung-hpru ko  a.hpau sap thæÑ//

3. "maung-wing: to. ko lè:  prau: leik pa la:/ ____ lè:  leik ring  pyau-sa.ra kri: né mha" hu.  maung-hpru ka.  maung-mring. ko  prau: thæÑ//

4. "____ to. nè.  leik tau. leik hkying tèý/ da-pé-mèý. ____ ka.  maung:ngraim: to.  aim ka.  a.lhu ko  ku hpo.  ka.ti. pé:hta: tèý/ nauk-tis-hka ____ to. thwa: tau.  hkau kwa/ ____ leik mèý"  hu.  maung-wing: ka.  maung-mring. ko  prau: thæÑ//

5. di tis hka ____ ma.leik neing ring  nauk tis hka tau.  leik hpris aung  leik nau / ____ to.  pyau-pyau-pa:pa: thwa: kra.  ra. aung" hu.  maung-hpru ka.  maung-wing: ko  prau:thæÑ//

05. auk-pa  sa-loän: mæÑ: (myiñ:tha:) hta: thau:  naam a.thi:thi: ko  hsi lyau thau  naam-sa: hpring.  a.sa: hto: pa//
UKT: The original text-call for "underscore" does not show well in MS FrontPage and I have to "bold" instead.

1. maung-mring. thæÑ  kyaung:tha: tis-yauk  hpris thæÑ// maung-mring. thæÑ  a.lwan  sa-kro:sa: thæÑ//

2. maung-mring. nhing. maung-hsing. thæÑ  Ñi-is-ko  hpris thæÑ// maung-mring. nhing.  maung-hsing. to. thæÑ  tis-yauk nhing. tis-yauk  hkyis-hking kring-na  kra. thæÑ//

3. "maung-than:  tis-ma.nak-loän:  sa-kyak né tèý"  hu.  maung-than: ka  thu-ngèý-hkying:  maung-mring. ko  prau: thæÑ//

4. "Ña.né Bak  maung-than:  Bèý thwa: thé: lè:" hu.  maung-mring. ka.  maung-than: ko  mé: thæÑ//

5. "ko-than: nè.  ko-mring. to. pa la:  ko-than: nè.  ko-mring. to.  né-kaung: tèý nau"  hu.  ma.é: ka. nhoat hsak thæÑ//

06. auk-pa  wa-kya. a.thi:thi: nhÉik  mæÑ: (myiñ:tha:) hta: thau:  naam-sa: ko  thak-hseing-ra  naam nhing.  twè: pa//
   na.mu-na mé:hkwan:// //  "nga-la-mæÑ" hu. maung-Ba. ka. prau: thæÑ) //
   a.hpré// // nga <-> maung-Ba.

1. "ming: to.  sa-mé:pwè: aung hkying ring  sa-kro:sa: kra." hu. hsa.ra-kri: ka.  kyaung:tha: mya: ko  hsoän:ma. thæÑ//

2. "ming: ko  nga prau: sa.ra rhi. tèý" hu.  maung-wing: ka.  maung-mring. ko  to:to:  prau: thæÑ//

3. "kyaung:hsing: ring  kywan-tau  aim-pran tau. mèý"  hu. maung-than: ka.  prau: thæÑ//

4. "ning  Ba prau: né ta lè:" hu.  ma.é: ka.  maung-wing: ko  mé: thæÑ//

5. "hking-bya: ko  kywan-tau  Zé: htè: mha  twé. leik tèý"  hu.  maung-hkeing ka.  maung-Ba. ko  prau:thæÑ//

07. auk-pa  wa-kya. a.thi:thi: nhÉik  mæÑ: (myiñ:tha:) hta: thau:  naam-sa: ko  hsi-lyau aung  pring pa//

1. maung-ngraim: thæÑ  laim~ma thæÑ// lÉ-kaung: thæÑ  mi.Ba. ko  ku-Ñi thæÑ//

2. maung-mring./ maung-hsing. nhing.  maung-than: to. thæÑ  thu-ngèý-hkying: mya:  hpris kra. thæÑ// kywan-noap to. thæÑ  tis-yauk nhing.  tis-yauk  a.lwan  hking-ming  kra. thæÑ//

3. "ÑæÑ: ko  nga  la twé. oän:mèý"  hu.  maung-hking ka.  maung-lha. ko  prau: thæÑ//

4. "kywan-noap  hting ta  mhan tèý ma.hoat la:"  hu.  ma.san: ka.  thu-ngèý-hkying:  ma.weing: ko  mé: thæÑ//

5. "thu-ngèý-hkying:/ la.mèý.  ta.nïn~ga.nwé-né. mha  nga  roap-rhing thwa:ma.lo./ thing  rau:  leik-oän:ma.la:"  hu.  maung-kyau ka  maung-hkeing ko  prau: thæÑ//

08. pé:hta:thau:  naam-sa: to. mha.  hsi-lyau thau:  naam-sa: ko  rwé: rwÉ.  kwak-lap hpræÑ. pa//

1. U:Ba.hkyis ka.  tha.Ba-pa.ti  a.hpris  hsaung-rwak pri: ____ ka.  a.hkam:a.na: mhu: a.hpris  hsaung-rwak pa mæÑ//
(kywan-tau / hking-bya:)

2. mo-mo thæÑ  laim~ma thau:  hsing tis-kaung hpris thæÑ// ____ thæÑ  krän a.lwan kreik thæÑ//
(kywan-noap / thu)

3. ____ to. thæÑ  teing:præÑ nhing.  lu-myo: a.pau twing  this~sa rhi.kra. ra.mæÑ//
(thu / kywan-noap)

4. ____ koý ko  kaung:aung  kro:sa: thing. thæÑ//
(kywan-noap / mi.mi.)

5. Ñi-lé: ka.  moan.hing:hka: kreik rwÉ. ____ ka.  hkauk-hswè:  kreik thæÑ//
(kywan-ma. / kywan-tau)

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02.02. laing <Gender>

UKT: Gender-specificity
The words <gender> and <sex> must not be confused. <Gender> is a grammatical term, and in some languages such as French it has no relation to the biological term <sex>. See gender and sex in my notes.
   The explanation given on this subject by MLC does not seem to make the difference between gender and sex clear. In fact, to the MLC, gender is sexuality.
   Please note that I am waiting for reaction to my understanding of "gender-specificity" from my peers. To me the confusion over gender is due to Pali (the Sanskritized form of Magadhi - the original language of the Buddha. Please note that Sanskrit was the language of the Hindu Brahmins who were opposed to the Buddha and his doctrine of "Anatta" the anti-thesis of the Hindu doctrine of "Atta".) Please note that my understanding of gender-specificity might eventually change.

MLC states that:

a.hti: a.ma. tha.Ba-wa. ko laing hu. hkau thæÑ// laing 4-myo: rhi. thæÑ// -- MLC

• {laing} /[lein]/ - n. 1. feature. 2. genitalia; sex. 3. gender. 4. ten rules of conduct for novice monks. -- MEDict451

• {a.hti:} /[ahti:]/ - n. 1. male of the species (usually referring to animals). 2. state of being alone, single, solitary. -- MEDict563
• {a.ma.) /ama.]/ - n. 1. female of the species. 2. fruit bearing tree or plant; female plant pistillate plant. 3. negative pole. 4. larger face in a two-headed drum. -- MEDict578

From the above dictionary definitions of MEDict, the terms {a.hti: a.ma.} seems to refer specifically to "sex" in the biological sense. And we will have to change the original definition of {laing} as:

laing hso thæÑ mha mu-la. ka. a.hti: a.ma. tha.Ba-wa. nhing. that-hseing thau læÑ: thad~da twing naam to. ko a.myo:a.sa: hkwè: pya. thæÑ. poad tis-hku. tha hpris thæÑ// laing 4-myo: rhi. thæÑ//-- TIL

1. poal~laing <masculine gender> (caution: in "poal~" {l} stands for the killed {la.}.)
2. aIt~hti.laing <feminine gender> (caution: in "aIt~" {I} stands for vowel letter {I.} and is the capital letter "I".)
3. na.poal~laing <neuter gender>
4. dwi.laing <"dual" gender> (by "dual" we do not mean a hermaphrodite nature)

1. poal~laing <masculine gender>
yauk-kya: tha.Ba-wa. / a.hti: tha.Ba-wa. rhi. thau:  naam thæÑ poal~laing hpris thæÑ//
(UKT: you will note that this gender describes a life-form.)

1. U:ting. thæÑ maung-mring. iÉ. a.Bo: hpris thæÑ//

I wa-kya. nhÉik U:ting. (yauk-kya:) / maung-mring. (yauk-kya:) / a.Bo: (yauk-kya:) to. thæÑ yauk-kya: tha.Ba-wa. rhi. thau: naam mya: hpris thau: kraung.  poal~laing  hpris thæÑ//

2. aIt~hti.laing <feminine gender>
main:ma. tha.Ba-wa. / a.ma. tha.Ba-wa. rhi. thau:  naam  thæÑ aIt~hti.laing hpris thæÑ//
(UKT: you will note that this gender describes a life-form.)

2. dau-hkyis thæÑ  ma.é: iÉ.  a.Bwa:  hpris thæÑ//

I wa-kya. nhÉik dau-hkyis (main:ma.) / ma.é: (main:ma.) / a.bwa: (main:ma.) to. thæÑ  main:ma. tha.Ba-wa. rhi. thau: naam mya: hpris thau: kraung.  aIt~hti.laing  hpris thæÑ//

3. na.poal~laing <neuter gender>
a.hti: a.ma. tha.Ba-wa. ma.rhi. thau:  naam  thæÑ  na.poal~laing hpris thæÑ//
(UKT: you will note that this gender describes an inanimate (non-life) form. In French, all nouns (including non-life) must have gender ascribed to them.)

3. hpan-hkwak ko  sa:pwè: pau mha  ting hta: pa//

I wa-kya. nhÉik  hpan-hkwak (non-life form) / sa:pwè: (non-life form) to. thæÑ  a.hti: a.ma. tha.Ba-wa. ma. rhi. thau:  naam  mya: hpris thau: kraung. na.poal~laing  hpris thæÑ//

(UKT: Here, I cannot help, but put in my usual comments. What gender will you ascribe to a dead body (say a human corpse)?

4. dwi.laing <"dual" gender> (by "dual" we do not mean a hermaphrodite nature, but as "applicable to both")
a.hti: tha.Ba-wa. / a.ma. tha.Ba-wa. nhis myo: sa.loän nhing.  hseing thau:  naam  thæÑ dwi.laing  hpris thæÑ//
(UKT: you will note that this gender describes a life-form.)

4. nghak  pyän thæÑ//

I wa-kya. nhÉik  nghak  thæÑ nghak-hpo <male bird> nhing.læÑ:  hseing thæÑ / nghak-ma. <female bird> nhing.læÑ: hseing thæÑ// I tho.  a.hti: tha.Ba-wa. / a.ma. tha.Ba-wa.  nhis-myo: sa.loän: nhing.  hseing thau: kraung.  naam-poad nghak  thæÑ dwi.laing  hpris thæÑ//

laing 4-myo: ko  thi.tha lwè-ku sé ran  auk-pa  a.teing:  pra. hta: thæÑ//
(UKT: you will note that there is no immaterial nouns in the list.)

poal~laing <masculine gender>
U:ting. / maung-mring. / a.Bo: / krak-hpa.  sa.thæÑ

aIt~hti.laing <feminine gender>
dau-hkyis / ma.é: / a.Bwa: / krak-ma.  sa.thæÑ

na.poal~laing <neuter gender>
hpan-hkwak / sa:pwè: / ku.la:hteing / sa-oap  sa.thæÑ

dwi.laing <"dual" gender>
nghak / lu / hkwé: / ti.ris~hsaan  sa.thæÑ

mhat ran // // a.hti: a.ma.  tha.Ba-wa. ko  laing  hu. hkau thæÑ// laing 4-myo: rhi. thæÑ//
1. poal~laing <masculine gender> -- a.hti: tha.Ba-wa.
2. aIt~hti.laing <feminine gender> -- a.ma. tha.Ba-wa
3. na.poal~laing <neuter gender> -- (thak-mè.) a.hti:a.ma. ma.rhi.
4. dwi.laing <"dual" gender> -- (thak-rhi.) a.hti:a.ma  nhis-myo: loän nhing. hseing thæÑ

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02.02. Exercise
lé.kying.hkan:

1. auk-pa  naam  a.thi:thi: ko  lain  hkwè: pra. pa//
   a.Bo: / lhé / aim / main:ka.lé: / a.mi. /
   a.hpa. / rhing-Bu.ring / mi.hpu.ra: / ka.lé: / kyaung: /
   Boan:kri: / mèý-thi-la. / a.Bwa: / thu-ngèý-hkying: //

2. auk-pa  poal~laing naam  a.thi:thi: ko aIt~hti.laing naam tho. praung: pa//
   a.hpé / a.Bo: / yauk-kya: / krak-hpa. / hsait-hti: /
   nwa:hti: / wut-hsän-hpo / htan:hpo //

3. auk-pa  naam  a.thi:thi: mha.  dwi.laing-naam  ko htoat-pra. pa//
   a.pyo / lu-pyo / lu / thu-ngèý-hkying: / mait-hswé /
   ming:tha.mi: / kyaung:tha: / kyaung:thu / ka.lé: / ÆÑ.thæÑ /
   a.mé / a.hpé / a.Bo: / a.Bwa: /

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02.03. kain: <number>

UKT: By <number> is meant the <number of individuals of the same kind of noun or pronoun>. It does not mean the number of kinds of nouns. If we are referring to <girl and doll>, there are two kinds of nouns. However, <girl> refers to only one individual.

MLC states that
a.ré-a.twak ko  kain:  hu. hkau thæÑ// kain: 2-myo: rhi. thæÑ// lÉ-kaung: to. mha -

1. É-ka.woas kain: <singular/ singular number>
2. ba.hu.woas kain:   <plural/ plural number> to. hpris kra. thæÑ //

• singular adj. 5. Abbr. s. sing. Grammar a. Of, relating to, or being a noun, pronoun, or adjective denoting a single person or thing or several entities considered as a single unit. b. Of, relating to, or being a verb expressing the action or state of a single subject. n. Abbr. s. sing. Grammar 1. The singular number or a form designating it. 2. A word having a singular number. [Middle English singuler from Old French from Latin singulāris from singulus single; See single ] -- AHTD
• plural  adj. 2. Abbr. pl. plu. Grammar Of, relating to, or being a grammatical form that designates more than one of the things specified. n. Abbr. pl. plu. Grammar 1. The plural number or form. 2. A word or term in the plural form. [Middle English plurel from Old French from Latin plūrālis from plūs plūr-more; See pel …- 1 in Indo-European Roots.] -- AHTD

UKT: Singular and plural numbers are not important in every-day speech, which makes Burmese easier than English. Though, the examples given in this section can give the impression that numbers do matter in Burmese grammar, they are not as important as in English where the number in subject must agree with number in verb.

1. É-ka.woas kain: <singular/ singular number>
É-ka.woas kain:  thæÑ  a.ré-a.twak  tis-hku. ko  pra. thæÑ//

1. maung-mring.  thæÑ  ma.ting. iÉ.  thu-ngèý-hkying:  hpris thæÑ//

I wa-kya. nhÉik  maung-mring. (naam) / ma.ting. (naam) / thu-ngèý-hkying: (naam) to.thæÑ tis-myo: tis-hku. tha rhi. thau: kraung. É-ka.woas kain: mya: hpris-kra. thæÑ//

du.ti.ya. wa-kya.

2. thu  kyaung tho.  thwa: thæÑ //

I wa-kya. nhÉik  thu  thæÑ  a.ré-a.twak  tis-hku. tha  rhi. thau:  naam-sa:  hpris thau: kraung.  É-ka.woas kain:  hpris thæÑ//

2. ba.hu.woas kain:   <plural/ plural number>
ba.hu.woas kain: thæÑ  tis-hku. htak po thau:  a.ré-a.twak ko  pra. thæÑ//

1. maung-mring.  ko  thu-ngèý-hkying:mya: ka.  hkyis-hking kra. thæÑ//

I wa-kya. nhÉik  thu-ngèý-hkying:mya:  thæÑ  a.ré-a.twak  tis-hku. htak po thau:  naam  hpris thæÑ// a.ré-a.twak tis-hku. htak  po-kraung: ko  mya:  hu thau: sa.ka:loän: ka.  pra.thæÑ// hto.kraung.  thu-ngèý-hkying:mya:  thæÑ  ba.hu.woas kain: hpris-thæÑ//

UKT: There are no white-spaces in written Burmese-Myanmar. In fact, thu-ngèý-hkying:mya: is not a single word of four syllables. Here, each syllable is a word in itself, and because of this Burmese is described as a monosyllabic language. However, in Romabama, because it is written in Latin alphabet, white-spaces become important. To show that thu-ngèý-hkying:mya: is a single word, we have to include 'hyphens' between syllables. The other alternative is to take out all hyphens resulting in thungèýhkying:mya: which none, including myself, would be unable to pronounce. This is what happens in Pali-Latin or the so-called International Pali, which is quite unpronounceable to "men-on-the-street" like me!

du.ti.ya. wa-kya.

2. thu-to.  kyaung: tho.  thwa: kra. thæÑ//

I wa-kya. nhÉik  thu-to.  thæÑ a.ré-a.twak  tis-hku. htak po thau:  naam-sa:  hpris thæÑ// a.ré-a.twak  tis-hku. htak po kraung: ko  to.  hu-thau:  sa.ka:loän: ka.  pra. thæÑ// hto.kraung.  thu-to.  thæÑ  ba.hu.woas kain: hpris-thæÑ//

kain: 2-myo: hpris thau:  É-ka.woas kain: nhing. ba.hu.woas kain: to. ko thi.tha lwè-ku sé ran  auk-pa  a.teing:  pra. hta: thæÑ//

É-ka.woas kain: <singular number>
lu / thu /
hkwé: / kraung / nghak / krak /
sa-oap / sa:pwè: / hpan-hkwak /
¹sait-ku:sa.thæÑ

ba.hu.woas kain:   <plural number>
lu-to. / lu-mya: / thu-to. /
hkwé:to. / hkwé:to. / kraung-to. / kraung-mya: / krak-to. / krak-mya: /
sa-oap-mya: / sa-pwè:mya: / hpan-hkwak-mya: /
¹sait-ku:mya:  sa.thæÑ

¹ UKT: {sait-ku:} is my addition to show that "number" is
applicable to immaterial nouns as well.

mhat ran // // a.ré-a.twak ko  kain:  hu. hkau thæÑ// kain: 2-myo: rhi. thæÑ
1.É-ka.woas kain: <singular/ singular number> -- tis-hku.
2. ba.hu.woas kain:   <plural/ plural number> -- tis-hku. ma.ka.
UKT: For <plural> do not say {a.mya:} which means <many>. 'Plural' means 'more than one'. Thus, "two" is plural.

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02.03. Exercise
lé.kying.hkan:

1. auk-pa  naam  a.thi:thi: ko ba.hu.woas kain:   <plural number> tho.  praung: pa//
   mring: / hkwé: / this-ping / pu.ling: / myak-si. /
   kyaung:tha: / aim / kywan-noap / thing / hsa.ra /
   thu //

2. auk-pa  naam  a.thi:thi: ko É-ka.woas kain: <singular number> tho. praung: pa//
   aim-mya: / ti.ris~hsaan-mya: / sa-oap-mya: / lu-to. / lu-mya: /
   hkè:tän-mya: / yauk-kya:mya: / maim:ma.mya: / this-ping-mya: / mris-mya: /
   hkyaung:mya: / hsa.ra-to. / hsa.ra-ma.to. / ka.lé:to. / nwa:to. /
   hsait-to. //

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UKT notes

gender and sex

• gender n. Abbr. g. gen. 1. Grammar a. A grammatical category used in the analysis of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and, in some languages, verbs that may be arbitrary or based on characteristics such as sex or animacy and that determines agreement with or selection of modifiers, referents, or grammatical forms. b. One category of such a set. c. The classification of a word or grammatical form in such a category. d. The distinguishing form or forms used. 2. Sexual identity, especially in relation to society or culture. n. attributive. 1. Often used to modify another noun: “ Women entered graduate schools . . . and encountered gender discrimination when they applied for the few academic positions ” New York Times v. tr. gendered gendering genders 1. To engender. [Middle English gendre from Old French kind, gender from Latin genus gener-; See gen …- in Indo-European Roots.] genderless adj.
   Usage Note: Traditionally, gender has been used primarily to refer to the grammatical categories of “ masculine,” “ feminine,” and “ neuter”; but in recent years the word has become well established in its use to refer to sex-based categories, as in phrases such as gender gap and the politics of gender. This usage is supported by the practice of many anthropologists, who reserve sex for reference to biological categories, while using gender to refer to social or cultural categories. According to this rule, one would say The effectiveness of the medication appears to depend on the sex (not gender ) of the patient, but In peasant societies, gender (not sex ) roles are likely to be more clearly defined. This distinction is useful in principle, but it is by no means widely observed, and considerable variation in usage occurs at all levels. -- AHTD

• An introduction and a note of caution: Gender is an often misunderstood concept in language-learning. Since the advent of the "Gender Studies" curricula at many universities, an association between sex and gender has extended beyond those classrooms into the language classroom. I cannot say emphatically enough that the term "gender" has very little to do with sex in terms of the French language. I will elaborate on this point more a little later in this document, but for now, try to envision that 'gender' in terms of language-learning has almost nothing to do with sex. Many feminists may argue that point from a linguistic history standpoint, but in terms of acquiring language skills, gender is purely a characteric of a noun.
   What is gender? As stated above, in terms of the French language, 'gender' is a characteristic of a noun. That means that each noun in the French language has a gender associated with it. It is part of that word's identity. In French, there are two genders--masculine and feminine. Each noun in the French language is either masculine or feminine. A word's masculinity or femininity has nothing to do with its 'maleness' or 'femaleness', but is associated with how the word is spelled, how it sounds, its etymological development and other factors. Try not to get confused thinking that because an object is associated with males that it is masculine or vice versa.
   How do I know whether a word is masculine or feminine? Knowing whether a word is masculine or feminine is largely an exercise in practice. There are some good clues and rules of thumb that can assist you when trying to figure out whether a word is masculine or feminine. Keep in mind that the only way to know for certain is to study each individual word. Eventually, you will notice patterns on your own. If you aren't sure, consult a dictionary. - www.geocities.com/sohlhaut/gender.html

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{poad}

• {poad} /[pou']/ - n. 1. word. 2. Orth. punctuation mark. part numerical classifier for counting pieces of writing such as articles, verse, songs, etc. (Pali pa.da.)  -- MEDict274

I would interpret {poad} as a "phrase" which can be made up of a single word, or more than one word. This is important, because of the lack of white-spaces for demarcation of words. -- UKT

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End of TIL file