{ak}
[Pal: 
{ak~kha.}/Skt:
{ak~Sa.}]
{ag}
{ing} Notice the Romabama vowel change with the nasal:
{ing.},
{ing},
{ing:} 
{ak~ka.}
{ak~ku.} p002
{ak~kau:} Update: 2012-10-30 12:00 PM +0630
p002-1.htm : from a1.htm
• by The Pali Text Society, T. W. Rhys Davids, William Stede,
editors, 1921-5.8 [738pp in two columns], reprint 1966
¤ California Digital Library, reprint 1952 :
http://archive.org/details/palitextsocietys00pali 121015
Downloaded and edited by by U Kyaw Tun (UKT)
(M.S., I.P.S.T., USA) and staff of
Tun Institute of Learning (TIL)
. Downloaded:
palitextsocietys00pali.pdf
Not for sale. No copyright. Free for everyone. Prepared for students and staff of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR : http://www.tuninst.net , http://www.softguide.net.mm , www.romabama.blogspot.com
PTS-indx.htm | Top
a1-indx.htm
UKT note to TIL editor: Be extra careful of files beginning with material moved from previous page. The material moved might not have been in the original PTS page, but materials I have incorporated from other sources such as UPMT, Macdonell, or UHS, or what I have written as an introduction.
{ak}
[Pal:
{ak~kha.}/Skt:
{ak~Sa.}]
{ag}
{ing}
Notice the Romabama vowel change with the nasal:
{ing.},
{ing},
{ing:}
{ak~ka.}
{ak~ku.}
p002
{ak~kau:}
The following moved to the next folder.
{a.hka.} : killed {hka.} is not allowed in Bur-Myan. It is present only in imported words.
UKT notes
• Calotropis gigantea
• Coda consonants and nuclear vowels in BEPS
{ak} pronounced as IPA /æk/See my note on Coda consonants and nuclear vowels in BEPS
{ak~ka.} It seems that
{(ak~k)a},
•
{ak~ka.} akka
PTS:-- [cp. Sk. arka] N. of a plant: Calotropis gigantea, swallow-wort M
i,429 (˚assa jiyā
bowstrings made from that plant). -- nāla
a kind of dress material Vin i,306 (vv. ll. agga˚ & akkha˚).
-- vāṭa a kind of
gate to a plantation, a movable fence made of the akka plant Vin
ii. 154 (cp. akkha -- vāṭa).
©
{ak~ka.} akka
PTS: - [cp. Sk. arka] N. of a plant: Calotropis gigantea,
swallow -- wort M i,429
PMT: «akka» - m. the sun; the plant swallow-wort; copper; Sunday.
UHS:
{ak~ka.} -- UHS-PMD0004
MAC: अर्क «ark-a» -->
{ar~ka.} - m. ray; sun; sun-god; hymn; singer;
kind of tree or shrub; -- Mac027c1
Note: I haven't cut Mac027c1, and the cutting is not available.
UKT from UHS-PMD0004: m. Sun. Calotropis gigantea,
See my note on Calotropis gigantea
• 
{ak~kûn~ta.} akkanta
PTS: -- [pp. of akkamati] stepped upon, mounted on
A i,8; J i,71; Miln 152; DhA i,200.
UHS:
{ak~kûn~ta.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS-PMD0005: mfn. what may be stepped on
• akkandati
PTS:-- [ā + kandati, krand] to lament, wail,
cry S iv. 206.
• 
{ak~ka.ma.na.} akkamana
PTS: -- (nt.) [cp. BSk. ākramaṇa Jtm 31
UHS:
{ak~ka.ma.na.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS: n. stepped under, repeatedly arrived at.
• 
{ak~ka.ma.ti.} akkamati
PTS: - [ā + kamati, kram] to tread upon,
to approach, attack J i, 7, 279; ThA 9;
-- to rise Vin iii. 38. -- ger.
akkamma Cp. iii. 7
©
{ak~ka.ma.ti.} akkamati
PTS: - [ā + kamati, kram] to tread upon,
to approach, attack J i, 7, 279; ThA 9;
-- to rise Vin iii. 38.
UHS:
{ak~ka.ma.ti.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS-PMD0005: stepped upon.
{ak~ku.}
• akkuṭṭha
PTS:-- (adj. n.) [pp. of akkosati] 1. (adj.) being reviled,
scolded, railed at Sn 366 (= dasahi akkosavatthūhi abhisatto SnA 364);
J vi. 187. -- 2. (nt.) reviling, scolding, swearing at;
in comb
• 
{ak~ku.la.} akkula -->
PTS: -- (adj.) [= ākula] confused, perplexed, agitated,
frightened Ud 5
(akkulopakkula and akkulapakkulika).
See ākula.
UHS:
{ak~ku.la.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS: mfn. confused, alarmed
[p001c2end]
[p002]
{ak~kau:}[p002c1begin]
• 
{ak~kau:þa.} akkosa
PTS:-- [ā + kruś = kruñc, see kuñca &
koñca
-- vatthu always as dasa a˚ -- vatthūni
10 bases of abuse, 10 expressions of cursing
J i. 191; SnA 364, 467; DhA i. 212; iv. 2.
©
{ak~kau:þa.} akkosa
PTS: - [ā + kruś = kruñc, see kuñca &
koñca
shouting at, abuse, insult, reproach,
reviling Sn 623;
UHS:
{ak~kau:þa.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS-PMD0005: m. shouting of obscenity
•
{ak~kau:þa.ka.} akkosaka
PTS: - (adj.) [from last] one who abuses, scolds
or reviles,
+ paribhāsaka A ii. 58;
iii. 252; iv. 156; v. 317; PvA 251.
UHS:
{ak~kau:þa.ka.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS-PMD0005: mfn. a habitual user of obscenities
•
{ak~kau:þa.ti.} akkosati
PTS: - [to krus see akkosa] to scold,
swear at, abuse, revile J i. 191; ii. 416;
iii. 27; DhA i. 211; ii. 44.
Often comb
¤
{ak~kau:þa.ti.} akkosati
PTS: - [to krus see akkosa] to scold, swear at, abuse, revile J
i. 191; ii. 416;
iii. 27; DhA i. 211; ii. 44.
UHS:
{ak~kau:þa.ti.} -- UHS-PMD0005
UKT from UHS-PMD0005: has used obscenities
UKT: {a.hka.} and derivatives moved into next file.
From Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotropis_gigantea 121012
Calotropis gigantea (Crown flower) is a species of
Calotropis native to
Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand,
Sri Lanka, India and China.
UKT: 121012
There are two plants that go by almost the same name in Myanmar
•{mu.ro:kri:} Calotropis gigantae , Asclepiadaceae
•{mu.ro:} Calotropis procera , fam. Asclepiadaceae
.
TravPo-M-Dict, 1999, 235
Photo from Medicinal Plants of Myanmar (KS-TMN), by Kyaw Soe and Tin Myo Ngwé , Forest Resource Environment Development and Conservation Association (FREDA), Series 1, 2004, ISBN 974-91986-0-3 , p061.
http://www.tuninst.net/MyanMedPlants/TIL/r5c5ma/r5c5ma.htm#Cont-this-pg 121012
It is a large shrub growing to 4 m tall. It has clusters of waxy flowers that are either white or lavender in colour. Each flower consists of five pointed petals and a small, elegant "crown" rising from the centre, which holds the stamens. The plant has oval, light green leaves and milky stem.
The flowers last long, and in Thailand they are used in various floral arrangements. They were also supposed to be popular with the Hawaiian Queen Liliuokalani, who considered them as symbol of royalty and wore them strung into leis. [UKT ¶]
In India, the plant is common in the compounds of temples and is known as Madar. While in Cambodia, they are used in funerals to decorate the urn or sarcophagus and the interior of the house holding the funeral. The fruit is a follicle and when dry, seed dispersal is by wind. This plant plays host to a variety of insects and butterflies. In Indonesia its flowers is called widuri.
In the Paushya chapter of the Adi Parva portion of the Indian epic "Mahabharata", a disciple of the rishi Ayoda-Daumya named Upamanya goes blind by eating the leaves of the plant which in Sanskrit is called "Arka".
UKT: It seems that this easily available plant can be a source of fibers. See a study done in http://www.deepdyve.com/lp/sage/evaluation-of-calotropis-gigantea-as-a-promising-raw-material-for-NpsV7hycdj 121012
Go back C-gigantea-note-b
-- UKT 121017
If you are to browse through DJPD16, you will see that the English short <a> is represented by /æ/, e.g. <bat> /bæt/ (DJPD16-051); and, most of the words that we would expect to have an open-front vowel has the open-back vowel /ɑ/, e.g. <car> /kɑːʳ/ (US) /kɑːr/ (DJPD16-082), <father> /'fɑː.ð|əʳ/ (US) /-ɚ/ (DJPD16-199). Moreover, the native-English speakers from the US and the UK do not usually lip-round their back vowels resulting in their mispronunciation of our Bur-Myan back vowels.
Though this orthography
{ak}, with an explicit virama
{a.þût}, is allowed in Skt-Dev and Bur-Myan,
it is not allowed in Pal-Myan. If you were to learn Pal-Myan,
you will be reminded that there was "no
{a.þût} in Pali". That was what my good friend
U Tun Tint of the MLC had said, and that is where I disagree
with him arguing that the first member of a conjunct,
be it vertical or horizontal, is the akshara under
{a.þût}: this only thing to note is that it is not explicitly shown.
The first conjunct you will come across in a study of Pali is
{ak~ka.} - voiceless & non-rhotic -- followed by its voiced counterpart
{ag~ga.}. In rhotic Sanskrit, the first member
of such conjuncts is changed into a repha
which imparts a rhotic sound:
Pal:
Pal:{ar~ga.}
The second point you should remember is the difference
between Bur-Myan and Pal-Myan. In regular Burmese,
it is only the tenuis consonants and the nasals
are allowed to be killed. Thus,
{ka.} and
{nga.} are the only two aksharas of row#1 that can be killed:
{ak} &
{ing} are legitimate, and
{ag} is not. Notice that there is a vowels in
{ak} &
{ing} are different.
The word
{ag~ga.}, is illegitimate from point of view of Bur-Myan grammar
because it calls for a killed-{ga.}. Yet it is found as
a Burmese name -- one of my domestic help is named
{ag~ga.}. William Shakespeare would have said
"What's in a name!"
Juliet:
"What's in a name? That which we call a rose
By any other name would smell as sweet."
-- Romeo and Juliet (II, ii, 1-2)
Go back coda-conso-peak-vow-note-b
End of TIL file