Update:
2007-03-17 02:04 AM -0500
TIL
Myanmar Medicinal Plant Database
Family: Apocynaceae
compiled by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL. Not for sale.
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae 11
entries
Apocynaceae family - general characters -
compilation by TIL.
Alstonia scholaris
{taung-ma.ro:}
/
{taung-mθ-oap}
Carissa carandas
{hkδn-ping}
Holarrhena antidysenterica
{lak-htoat-kri:}
Nerium indicum syn N. odorum
{nwθύ-tha-ki}
Plumeria acutifolia
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:}
Plumeria alba {ta.roat-sδn-ka: a.phru}
Plumeria rubra {ta.roat-sδn-ka: a.ni}
Rauwolfia serpentina
{Boam~ma.ra-za}
Thevetia neriifolia syn.
T. peruviana
{hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi}
Vinca rosea {thοn~bau:ma.Ρho:}
Wrightia tomentosa
{lak-htoat-thaim}
Alstonia scholaris and {lak-htoat}
controversy
Alstonia spp.
Carissa spp.
Holarrhena spp.
Nerium spp.
Plumeria spp.
Rauwolfia spp.
Thevetia spp.
Vinca spp.
Wrightia spp.
Main Index of DB |
Top
Contents of this page
A compilation by TIL.
Main source: Wikipedia,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae
The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering
plants, including trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas.
Many species are tall trees found in the tropical rainforest, and most are
from the tropics and subtropics, but some come from tropical dry, xeric
environments. There are also some perennial herbs from temperate zones. Many of
these plants have milky sap; and many species are poisonous if ingested. Some
genera of Apocynaceae, such as Adenium however, have either clear and
milky, latex sap, and others, such as Pachypodium, always have clear sap.
The family, as currently recognized, includes some 1500 species divided in
about 424 genera. The family Asclepiadaceae is now, according to Angiosperm
Phylogeny Group (APG II) included in the Apocynaceae (Endress &
Bruyns, 2000).
There are five subfamilies:
Rauvolfioideae Apocynoideae Periplocoideae Secamonoideae
Asclepiadoideae
The former two sub-families were part of the Apocynaceae sensu stricto,
whilst the latter three sub-families used to belong to the Asclepiadaceae. The
Apocynaceae is the result of a conflation of the two families. (UKT Note: MMPDB
follows the Chklist classification which does not necessarily concurs with that
of APG.)
Species in this family are distributed mainly in tropical regions:
In the rainforests and swamps of India and Malaya: small to very
tall evergreen trees, often with buttress roots, such as Alstonia and
Dyera.
In northern Australia: small evergreen trees such as Cerbera and
Ochrosia.
In deciduous forests of Africa and India: smaller trees such as Carissa,
Wrightia and Holarrhena.
In tropical America, India, Myanmar and Malaya: evergreen
trees and shrubs, such as Rauwolfia, Tabernaemontana and
Acokanthera.
In Central America: Plumeria, or the frangipani, with its waxy white or
pink flowers and a sweet scent.
In South America, Africa and Madagascar: many lianas such as Landolphia.
In the Mediterranean region: Nerium, with the well-known oleander or
Be-still tree (Nerium oleander).
The only genera found in temperate Europe away from the Mediterranean are
Vinca (Apocynoideae) and Vincetoxicum (Asclepiadoideae).
In North America: Apocynum, dogbane or Indian hemp, including
Apocynum cannabinum, a traditional source of fiber.
In continental southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa,
Swaziland, and Zimbabwe) and Madgascar, except for the humid evergreen forest of
the eastern side of Madgascar, and never above 2000 m for the entire island:
Pachypodium.
The leaves are simple, usually opposite and decussate, or whorled; lacking
stipules. Flowers are usually showy, radially symmetrical (actinomorphic),
aggregated in cymose or racemose inflorescences (rarely fasciculate or
solitary). They are perfect (bisexual), with a synsepalous, 5-lobed calyx.
Inflorescences are terminal or axillary. The stamens are inserted on the inside
of the corolla tube. The ovary is usually superior. The fruit is a drupe, a
berry, a capsule or a follicle.
Several plants of this family had economic uses in the past.
The genera Carpodinus, Landolphia, Hancornia, Funtumia
and Mascarenhasia were used as a commercial source of inferior rubber.
The juice of Acokanthera species such as A. venenata and the
milky juice of the Namibian Pachypodium has been used as venom for arrow
tips by the Bushmen. Some sources (Rapananrivo et al. on p. 5) state that
Pachypodium do not have a milky sap.
Several genera are grown as ornamental plants, including Amsonia (bluestar),
Nerium (oleander), Vinca (periwinkle), Carissa (Natal plum,
an edible fruit), Allamanda (golden trumpet), Plumeria
(frangipani), Thevetia (lucky nut), Mandevilla (Savannah flower).
Rauvolfia cafra is the Quinine tree. Rauvolfia serpentina or
Indian Snakeroot yields the alkaloids reserpine and rescinnamine.
Some are sources of drugs, such as cardiac glycosides, affecting the heart
function, including Acokanthera, Apocynum, Cerbera,
Nerium, Thevetia and Strophantus.
The genus Apocynum was used as a source of fiber by Native Americans.
The edible flower of Fernaldia pandurata (common name: Loroco) is a
popular part of El Salvadorian and Guatamalan cooking.
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000
-17-0423:
{sa.rζΡ:},
{taung-mu.ro:},
{taung-mθ-oap}
-29-0749:
{taung-mu.ro:},
{taung-mθ-oap}
Chklist: Devil tree, Dita bark, Letpan-ga, Taung-mayo, Taung-meoak
LSR 209 :
(
)
{taung-mθ-oap(lak-pδn-hka:)}
{taung-ma.ro:},
{thing-poan:},
{hsι:hka:}
FAO 061: Lettok
KS-TMN 45: Taung-ma-yoe;
Let-htoke, Taung-mare-oke
Nagathein 2-047:
{taung-ma.ro:}
UHM 04: Lak-htoat , Taung-me-ok
UKT: Agri.Dept.2000 applied the name
{lak-htoat} to two other species of the family Apocynaceae, Holarrhena
antidysenterica pg 53 entry 1417 with the suffix "major" and to Wrightia
tomentosa pg 53 entry 1418 with the suffix "minor".
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{taung-mζΡ:oap} /
{hsι:hka:kri:} /
{taung-mu.ro:} /
{lak-htoat} /
{thing-poan:}
--
MMDict131
{taung-mζΡ:oap} /|taun me: ou'|/ -
n. tall tree yielding soft white wood, with bark and sap having medicinal
application. Alstonia scholaris . Also
{taung-mu.ro:} -- MEDict178
Data above updated (070312) in Akshara index
r4c1ta.htm {taung-ma.ro:} and
r6c3la.htm {lak-htoat}
Chklist data : 070312
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. . Habit: Tree . Distribution:
Bago, Kachin, Mandalay, Shan, Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names: Devil tree,
Dita bark, Letpan-ga, Taung-mayo, Taung-meoak
Hindi
{cha.ti.wan} -- Nagathein
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 -- Devil's tree
Chklist:
LSR: -- Devil's tree, Dita bark tree
FAO 061: White cheesewood, milkwood pine, blackboard tree
KS-TMN -- Devil's tree, Ditta bark tree
Nagathein -- Not given
UHM -- Not given
Picture
Leader from Nagathein
Color drawing from FAO
Photos: left -- habit
with flowers, right -- habit with fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters
Key characteristics: Medium to large sized; cylindrical bole; large
buttresses when older; outer bark coming off in small papery flakes; leaves in
whorls of 58; fruits 20 40 cm long, slender follicles. Description: A
medium to large tree up to 40 m high and 125 cm in diameter with a cylindrical
bole. Older trees with buttresses up to 6 m high and reaching 2 m out from a
bole. Outer bark brown or yellowish white, smooth, coming off in small papery
flakes; inner bark yellow to brown with white latex. Leaves 723 cm long, in
whorls of 48 on 1.53 cm long petiole, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical with
rounded tip and numerous secondary veins. Flowers greenish to yellow,
fragrant, with soft haired calyx. The fruits are slender cylindrical follicles,
2040 cm long and 45 mm in diameter. -- FAO
An evergreen tree, the bases often buttressed; bark dark greyish brown
with lenticels, latex milky, copious. Leaves whorled, 4-7 per node, simple; stipules
intrapetiolar; petioles stout; laminae oblong or ogovate-oblong, the bases cuneate,
the margins entire, the tips obtuse, rounded or acute, unicostate, reticulate, the
surfaces glabrous, the upper dark green , coriaceous, glaucous, the lower papillose,
whitish. Inflorescences in terminal paniculate cymes, densely flowered; bracts
linear-oblong. Flowers bractolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous,
hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-lobed, urceolate. Corolla sunpetalous, 5-lobed, salverform,
greenish white, the tube cylindrical, broader above the base, narrow below the middle, inflated
towards region of anthers, the lobes with left margins overlapping, throat rim with tufts
of long white hairs. androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous below the throat,
the anthers dithecous, introrse, basifixed, dehiscence longitudinal.Pistil 1, 2-carpelled,
syncarpous and 2-loculed at the base, ovary ovoid, splits into two unilocular and unilocular
and unicarpellate ovaries, the stigma placentation parietal in each ovary, disc absent,
the styles 2, fused into one just above the ovaries, the stigma clavate, 2-fid. Fruit
follicles, cylindrical; seeds elliptic-oblongoid, comose at both ends, endospermfleshy,
scanty. Flowering period: October - November. Fruiting period: December - April -- KS-TMN
A large tree. Leaves formation is similar to {lak-pan°} (Salmalia malabarica
fam. Bombacaceae -- Agri.Dept.2000 53-1419), i.e. in whorls. Flowers in dense
clusters, white with disagreeable odour. Fruits, long and thin. White milky sap
which turns black on drying. Dried sap very bitter. Bark is also bitter. Because
of the bitter taste and similarity to {lak-pan°}, the plant is sometimes erroneously called as
{lak-pδn-hka:} or "bitter Lak-pan". However, because it is not a true {lak-pδn},
the medicinal properties are quite different. Caveat: Unscrupulous vendors
passed on the dried sap as "wild-Arrow poison" and the root as {this.wing-pauk-hpru}.
-- Nagathein, free translation by UKT.
{taung-mu.ro:} was known as
{sa.rζΡ:} at one time. In a Pali text "{that~ta paN~Ni gu-ha-yεn}", meaning "at
the mouth of a cave where the
{sa.rζΡ:} trees grew", we find the tree being referred to. According to the
Magadi dictionary (Magadi is another name for the Pali language -- the holy
language of Theravada Buddhism), {that~ta.paN~Ni} means a whorl of 6 to 7
leaves, and on actual counting of the leaves in a whorl we find mostly 6 to 7
leaves. -- Nagathein, free translation by UKT.
A tall evergreen tree with bitter milky juice and whorled leaves base often
buttressed; leaves very coriaceous, whitish beneath, flowers pubescent,
follicle very long and slender.-- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar
Grows wild in moist regions, throughout Myanmar -- KS-TMN
Insein, Tharawaddy, Zigon, Lawksauk, Kalaw, Hsi-Seng
(Southern Shan State), traces throughout Burma. -- UHM
Part used and uses
Most important source of pulai timber. Wood yields good pulp.
Bark and latex is used medicinally for many purposes. -- FAO
Bark -- Astringent; Antiseptic; Febrifuge; Chronic
amoebic dysentery; Chronic dysentery. Leaf -- Heals chronic sores.
Latex -- Heals sores. -- KS-TMN
Dried bark.Malarial fever, chronic diarrhoea and advanced stages of dysentery -- UHM
Constituents
Contents of this page
Family: Apocyanacea
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 12-0306:
{hkδn-ping}
Chklist: Karaunda, Khan
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 46 : Khan
Nagathein 1-274:
{hkan°ping}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{hkδn} -
--
MMDict044
{hkδn} /|khan|/ - n. kind of shrub or tree, Carissa carandas --
MEDict058
Data above updated (070312) in Akshara index
r1c2hka.htm
Chklist data : 070312
Carissa carandas L. . Cited as: Carissa carandas var.
congesta Bedd. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common
Names: Karaunda, Khan
Hindi
{ka.raan~da} -- Nagathein
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 12-0306: Christ's thorn
Chklist:
LSR: NL-
FAO: NL
KS-TMN 46: Bengal currents
Nagathein 1-274:
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader: Carissa spinarium from Nagathein 1-275
Photos: left -- habit with flowers,
right -- close up of fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A large evergreen shrub; bark light grey, branchlets usually
with thin stout sharp spines. Leaves opposite, simple; exstipulate;
petioles short; laminae elliptic or broadly elliptic or obovate, the bases
obtuse to rounded, the margins entire, the tyips acute, often shortly
mucronate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous, glaucous, coriaceous.
Inflorescences in axillary corymbose cymes; bracts linear. Flowers
ebracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous.
Calyx synsepalous 5-partite, the lobes lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla
synpetalous, 5-lobed, salverform, the lobes oblong lanceolate, puvbescent,
the tube cylindrical, dilated at the throat, pubescent, white. Androecium
polyandrous, apically appendaged, basifixed, introrse, dehiscence longitudinal.
Pistil 1,ovary ellipsoid 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation
axile, the ovules 2 in each locules 2 in each locule, the style filiform
the stigma minutely 2-fid. Fruit a drupe, ellipsoid, purplish black when
ripe; seeds oblongoid, concave endosperm fleshy. Flowering and fruiting
periods: October - January - June -- KS-TMN
A large evergreen shrub. Leaves somewhat round and shiny. About one inch in
length. Branches have strong thorns. Fruits in clusters and about in shape to
immature {zi:} fruits (UKT: about 3/4 inch). Flowers small, scented, and red.
Similar in shape to {tau.sδn-pθύ} or jasmine. It is a well known plant. --
Nagathein, free translation by UKT.
Habit: Small tree, Distribution: Cultivated -- Chklist
Distribution in Myanmar :
Grows wild and cultivated throughout Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
Root: -- Pruritis;
Gonorrhoea: Pyrexia; Indigestion; Chronic ulcer. Unripe fruit --
Haematemesis; Appetizer;
Mucolytic; To allay thirst.
Ripe fruit -- Carminative; Expectorant; Biliousness; Haematemesis;
Antidote for poisons ; Appetizer; Easily digested -- KS-TMN
Constituents
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 53-1417:
{lak-htoat-kri:}
Chklist: Danghkyam-kaba, Dangkyam, Kurchi conessi, Lettok, Lettok-gyi, Mai-hkao-long,
Mai-yang
LSR 407:
{lak-htoat-kri:}
FAO : NL
KS-TMN : NL
Nagathein 3-246:
{lak-htoat-kri:}
UHM 29: Lettok-kyi
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{lak-htoat} -
--
MMDict295
{lak-htoat} /|le' htou'|/ - n. same as
{lak-htoat-kri:}
- n. tree which provides useful timber and bark for treating
dysentery, Holarrhena antidysenterica -- MEDict 448
Data above updated (070312) in Akshara index
r6c3la.htm
Chklist data : 070312
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don . Cited as:
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Wide .
Common Names: Danghkyam-kaba, Dangkyam, Kurchi conessi, Lettok, Lettok-gyi, Mai-hkao-long,
Mai-yang
Hindi
कुडा
{ku.Πa} -- Nagathein, transliteration by UKT
Sanskrit
{ku.Π} -- Nagathein
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 53-1417: Rose bay
Chklist:
LSR 407: Rosebay
FAO -- NL
KS-TMN -- NL
Nagathein 3-246: Kurichi
UHM 29: Kurchi, Conessi bark
Picture :
Leader -- left -
Coloured drawing --
http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_holarr.htm .
right -- from Nagathein 3-247
Plant identification characters
A small deciduous tree, bark pale, leaves 6-12 by 1 1/2-5"
base obtuse rounded or acute, nerves 10-14 pairs, strong, arched,
flowers white, inodorous in terminal corymoose cymes. -- UHM
History: The tree was believed to have sprung from the drops of
'amrita' (nectar) that fell on the ground from the bodies of Rama's monkeys who
were restored to life by Indra. The seeds and bark have been used in Materia
Medica for a long time. Arabic and Persian writers called the seeds
Lisan-el-asafir-el-murr, and Zaban-i-gungishk-i-talk (bitter sparrow's tongue)
respectively. The Portuguese physicians, Garcia and Christopher a Costa, use the
names Coru, Curo, Cura and Corte de pata.
Ainslie mentions the bark as having been admitted into British
materia medica, under the name of Conessi bark. This bark enjoyed for a time
considerable repute in Europe. Sir Walter Elliot regarded it as one of the most
valuable medicinal products of India. In 1887, M. R. Blondel discussed and
illustrated the botanical history and structure of this plant. Habit. It
grows throughout India up to an altitude of 4,000 ft. It is especially abundant
in the sub-Himalayan tract. Morphology Description (Habit). H.
antidysentrica is a deciduous shrub or small tree. The bark is rather rough,
pale brownish or greyish; the leaves are opposite, subsessile, elliptic or
ovate-oblong, membranous; the flowers are white, in terminal corymbose cymes;
the follicles, divaricate, cylindric and usually white spotted; the seeds are
light brown. --
http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_holarr.htm
Distribution in Myanmar
Prome, Tharawaddy, outside forest reserve, Mudon area, Kyaikmaraw and vicinity. -- UHM
Part used and uses :
Bark. Antidysenteric, astringent, febrifuge, anthelmintic,
carminative and aphrodisiac. -- UHM
Pharmacology. Various fractions of H. antidysenterica
showed promising activity against experimental amoebiasis in rats and hamsters
(fn01). The fruit extract (50% ethanolic) showd antiprotozoal effect against
Ent.histolytica strain STA, Trypanosoma evansi, anticaner
effect against human epidrmoid carcinoma of the nasopharynx in tissue culture
and pypoglycemic activity in rats (fn02). Clinical studies. Clinical
tests with connessine on patients with intestical hepatic amebiasis have been
found to give results, comparable to those obtained with emetine (fn03).
Toxicity. Use of connesine must, however, be closely supervised, as in
some cases it can produce neurological troubles like Vertigo, sleeplessness,
agitation, anxiety and delirium (fn04). Indications. The bark has astringent,
antidysenteric, anthelmintic, stomachic, febrifugal and tonic properties. It is used
in the treatment of amebic dysentery and diarrhea. Product Range. Diarex
(DiarCare), Diarex PFS, Diarex Vet.
References. fn01. Dutta, N. K and lyer, S. N., J. Ind.
Med. Assoc., 1968, 50, 349. fn02. Dhar, M. L, et. al., Ind. J.
Exp. Biol., 1968, 6, 232. fn03. Signier, F. et. al., 1949.
Medicine Tropicale, 9, 99-109, Tanguy, et. al., 1948, ibid,
8, 12-31. fn04. oliver, B.B. (1986). Medicinal Plants in Tropical West
Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 163. --
http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_holarr.htm
Constituents :
1. Kurchine.
2. Conessine.
3. Kurchicine.
4. Holarrhine (17) -- UHM
The principal alkaloid of kurchi is
conessine. The other alkaloids reported to be present in the bark are:
conamine, conkurchine, connessimine, kurchine, conarrhinine, holarrhinene
and isoconcessimine. --
http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_holarr.htm
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
UKT: Since, Nerium indicum and N. odorum are synomyms
data on the two are presented in the same entry. See Chklist data
given below.
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 34-0884:
Nerium oleander
{nwθύ-tha-ki} or {nwθύ-tha-ki}
Chklist: Nwe-tha-gee, Tayok-hnin-si
LSR 251:
{nwθύ-tha-ki}
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 49: Nwe-tha-gee, Tayoke-hnin-si
Nagathein 2-171:
{nwθύ-tha-ki}
UHM 34: Nwe-tha-gi
UKT: literary meaning of "Tayoke-hnin-si" is "Chinese rose."
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{nwθύ-tha-ki} -
--
MMDict173
{nwθύ-tha-ki} /|nwe tha gi|/ - n. oleander, Nerium odorum --
MEDict 241
UKT: Though the Bur-Myan pronunciation of the first syllable is /
{nwθ}/,
it is spelled with a killed
{ya.}
--
the correct spelling is
{nwθύ}
meaning a "creeper". We must note that, unlike the English-Latin
semivowel <y>, the Bur-Myan semivowel
{ya.} acts more like a consonant than a vowel. If only
{ya.} had acted like a semi-vowel, its inherent vowel cannot be killed.
Data above updated (070312) in Akshara index
r4c5naM.htm
Chklist data
Nerium oleander L. Cited as: Nerium indicum Mill. Habit:
Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Cultivated. Common Names: Nwe-tha-gee, Oleander,
Rose bay, Sweet-scented Indian oleander, Tayok-hnin-si
Hindi
कनेर {ka.nιr} -- Nagathein, transliteration by UKT
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 34-0884: Oleander
Chklist: Oleander, Rose bay, Sweet-scented Indian oleander,
LSR 251: Roses of Sharon, Oleander
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 49: Indian oleander, Sweet-scented oleander
Nagathein 2-171: NG
UHM 34: Sweet scented oleander, Nerium root, Oleander root, Radix nerium
Picture :
Leader from:
www.himalayahealthcare.com/herbfinder/h_nerium.htm
Photos: left -- habit with flowers, right -- habit with fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A large evergreen shrub; stems erect glabrous, sap milky.
Leaves in whorls of three, simple; exstipulate; petioles very short;
laminace linear-lanceolate, the bases decurrent, tapering into the petiole,
the margins entire, the tips acuminate, unicostate, the midrib very stout,
reticulate, glabrous, coriaceous. Inflorescences in terminal cymes.
Flowers fragrant, bracteate, bracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual,
actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, the
lobes lanceolate, narrow, glandular within. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed,
infundibuligorm, the tubes cylindric, the throat campanulate with 5 broad
fringed scalesm the lobes orbicular, overlapping to the right, reddish rose
or white, fragrant. Androecium polyandrous, staments 5, epipetalous,
the filaments short, inserted near the mouth of the corolla tube, alternate
with the corolla lobes, the anthers dithecous, sagittate, adherent by viscid
exudates to the stigma or clavuncle, apically appendaged, the anther cells
spurred, the spuyrs long, linear, as long as the cells, dehiscence longitudinal.
Pistil 1, ovaries 2,distinct, each ovary 1-carpelled, 1-loculed,
the placentation parietal, the ovules straight; seeds oblongoid, comose,
endosperm fleshy, thin. Flowering and Fruiting period: Throughout the
year -- KS-TMN
Evergreen small tree. Grows up to 20ft. Branches firm and rigid pointing upwards.
Leaves: whorl of 3; lance-like, narrow at tip and base; thick, narrow,
shiny and leathery; midrib firm and rigid; petiole short. Flowers: Large
and bell-like; white or reddish pink; sweet smelling; in clusters on branches.
Flowering period: {tan-hku:} to {na.yoan} [approx: Apri-May] - LSR,
free translation by UKT.
A large glabrous evergreen shrub with milky juice, leaves 10-15cm.,
linear lanceolate, thickly coriaceous, acuminate, midrib very stout, nerves
slender, petiole very short, usually in whorls of 3, flowers 1 1/2 in. diam.,
sweet scented, rose white or yellow, follicles 6-9 in. -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar :
Naturalized and planted throughout Myanmar -- KS-TMN
Planted in gardens as ornamentals. -- UHM
Part used and uses
Root -- Aphrodisiac; Gives energy; Very poisonous.
Flower -- Analgesic for chronic pains and aches; Back-ache; Head-ache;
Scabies; Aphrodisiac. -- KS-TMN
Root. Used as aphrodisiac, tonic, good for
chronic pain in the abdomen and pain in the joints, very powerful heart poison.
-- UHM
Constituents
1. Two bitter principles, neriodorin and neriodorein. (3) -- UHM
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
UKT: What is {ta.roat-sa.ka: a.phru} meaning "the white-{ta.roat-sa.ka:}" ?
And, what is P. acutifolia ? We have to choose among the three mentioned
in Chklist:
Plumeria alba L. , Plumeria obtusa L. , or
Plumeria rubra L. . Cited as: Plumeria acuminata Ait.
(Red plumeria or Tayoksaga-ani).
The name P. acutifolia can be misleading, especially because
the colour of the flower is given as <white>. And so MMPDB will drop it.
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} -
--
MMDict122
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} - n. frangipani, Plumeria acutifolia -- MEDict165
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
UKT:
{ta.roat-sδn-ka: a.hpru} is identified by Chklist as:
Plumeria obtusa L. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution:
Cultivated . Common Names: Akyaw, Tayok-saga-aphyu
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 25-0639:
{ta.roat-sa.ka:}
FAO : NL
Chklist:
LSR 213 :
{ta.roat-sa.ka:}
KS-TMN 50 : Tayoke-saka
Nagathein 1-366: Plumeria alba
(
)
{sa.ka: (ta.roat) a.hpru}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} -
--
MMDict122
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} - n. frangipani, Plumeria acutifolia -- MEDict165
UKT: The official orthography
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} is derived from two words
{ta.roat} and
{sδn-ka:}.
{sδn-ka:} by itself refers to a group of sweet smelling flowers and their
respective trees, one of which has a prominent place in Myanmar history of Bagan
(Pagan) Period in connection with Nat worship.
{ta.roat} refers to China and Chinese, and so the word
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} means the "Chinese {sδn-ka:}". The word
{ta.roat} is applied as an affix.
Official Myanmar Dictionaries 088:
{sδn-ka:}
--
MMDict088
The equivalent of
{sδn-ka:} in Pali is
{sam~pa.ka.} which according to PTS (Pali Text Society) Dictionary, 1st
ed. (1921-1925), 1999 reprint, p262, is Campaka the Champaka tree (Michelia
champaka fam: Magnoliaceae) having fragrant white and yellow flowers. Please note that the "white"
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} (Agri.Dept.2000 25-0461) is known in Myanmar as "White champa".
Data above updated (070312) in Akshara index
r4c1ta.htm
Chklist data: 070312
Plumeria alba L. . Habit: Tree . Distribution: Cultivated
Plumeria obtusa L. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution:
Cultivated . Common Names: Akyaw, Tayok-saga-aphyu
Plumeria rubra L. . Cited as: Plumeria acuminata
Ait. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common Names:
Frangipani, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-pailong, Pagoda tree, Red
plumeria, Sonpabataing, Tayok-saga, Tayoksaga-ani
Hindi
UKT: Name in Hindi given by Nagathein was in Devanagari only. I could not
decipher because of poor print quality.
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 -- Pagoda tree
FAO -- NL
LSR -- Pagoda tree
KS-TMN -- Frangipani, Jasamine tree, Pagoda tree
Nagathein -- White champa
UHM -- NL
Picture
Leader, flower and leaf, from
http://utenti.lycos.it/piantetropicali/fiore.htm. Not available in Nagathein
Tree from
http://www.bionatics.com/VisuelsSpecifiques/Bionatics/Plant/Zoom/frangi_a.jpg
Photos: left -- habit with flowers, right -- fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A deciduous small tree; trunk crooked, bark rough, branches swollen,
leafy at the tips, latex milky, copious. Leaves spirally arranged,
simple; exstipulate; petioles long, stout; laminae oblong-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, the bases acute, the margins entire, the tips acute, unicostate,
reticulate, glabrous. Inflorescences 2-to 3-chotomous cymes, 2-
4-flowered, termina; bracts deciduous. Flowers large and showy,
bracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, perigynous.
Calyx synsepalous, 5-fid, the lobes obtuse. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed,
salverform, the tubes cylindrical, the lobes obovate, contorted, over lapping to
the left, the throat naked, the inner white with a yellow centre, the outer
tinged with pink, fragrant. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous,
inserted near the base of the corolla tube, alternate the lobes, the anthers
dithecous, linear-oblongoid, free from the stigmatic clavuncle, dehiscence
longitudinal. Pistil 1, ovaries 2, distinct, half inferior, each ovary
1-carpelled, 1-loculed, the placentation parietal, the ovules numerous in each,
the style 1, the stigma or clavuncle single, massive. Fruit follicles,
linear-oblongoid; seeds oblongoid, plano-convex, winged, endosperm fleshy, thin.
Flowering period: Throughout the year. Fruiting period: Throughout
the year -- KS-TMN
Distribution in Myanmar :
Naturalized and planted throughout Myanmar -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses
Shoot, bark, flower -- Leprosy; Pruritis; Heal boils and carbuncles;
Analgesic; Febrifuge for prolong fevers; Inflammations;
Ascites. Bark, leaf --
Abdominal tumours; Inflammations; Rheumatism; Skin diseases. Flower and
shoot -- Malaria; Pruritis. Latex -- Very poisonous -- KS-TMN
Constituents
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
UKT:
{ta.roat-sδn-ka: a.ni} is identified by Chklist as:
Plumeria rubra L. . Cited as: Plumeria acuminata
Ait. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common Names:
Frangipani, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-pailong, Pagoda tree, Red
plumeria, Sonpabataing, Tayok-saga, Tayoksaga-ani
Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist: Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-pailong, Tayok-saga, Tayoksaga-ani
LSR :
FAO :
KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} -
--
MMDict122
{ta.roat-sδn-ka:} - n. frangipani, Plumeria acutifolia -- MEDict165
Data above updated (070312) in Akshara index
r4c1ta.htm
Chklist data
Plumeria rubra L. . Cited as: Plumeria acuminata
Ait. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common Names:
Frangipani, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-pailong, Pagoda tree, Red
plumeria, Sonpabataing, Tayok-saga, Tayoksaga-ani
Hindi
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist: Frangipani, Pagoda tree, Red plumeria,
LSR :
FAO :
KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :/
Picture
Leader
www.nybg.org/bsci/belize/Plumeria_rubra.jpg
Photos
www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils11/EssentialOils11.htm
Plant identification characters
Frangipani,Plumeria rubra (Apocyanaceae).
This little tree with thick branches and big leaves (until 45 cm long and 15 cm
broad) is grown as an ornamental tree in the tropics and the sub-tropics. The
fragrant flowers are red, but there are many varieties having yellow or white
flowers. The tree has many names: Kembodja (Indonesia), Bermuda lily, and
Frangipani (England, France), to name a few. Frangipani was the name of a Roman
noble family. --
www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils11/EssentialOils11.htm
Distribution in Myanmar
Part used and uses
Constituents
Frangipani,Plumeria rubra (Apocyanaceae).
The fragrance of the flowers is dominated by the two compounds phenethyl alcohol
(or 2-phenylethanol) and phenylacetaldehyde [32]. --
www.bojensen.net/EssentialOilsEng/EssentialOils11/EssentialOils11.htm
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 43-1123:
{Boam~ma.ra-za}
Chklist: Bonma-yaza
FAO : NL
LSR 319 :
{Boam~ma.ra-za}
KS-TMN 53: Bonma-yaza, Zalat-hpru
Nagathein 2-370:
{Boam~ma.ra-za}
UHM 41: Bon-ma-yaza
Myanmar-Script Spelling :
{Boam~ma.ra-za} -
--
MMDict226
{Boam~ma.ra-za} /|boun maja za|/ - n. rauwolfia, Rauwolfia serpentina --MEDict
328
Data above updated (070313) in Akshara index
r5c4Ba.htm
Chklist
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. . Habit: Shrub .
Distribution: Bago, Chin, Kayin, Mandalay, Mon, Yangon . Common Names:
Bonma-yaza
Hindi
{hsar-pa.gan~Da}
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 -- Serpent wood
FAO -- NL
Lθ-seik-shin -- Serpent wood
KS-TMN -- Serpent wood, Serpentine
Nagathein -- Not given
UHM -- Not given
Picture :
Leader: drawing -- Nagathein 2-371; photo -- KS-TMN
Photos: left -- habit with flowers,
right -- flowers and fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A small shrub or an undershrub; younger stems
cylindrical, rarely branched dichotomously, bark rarely lentrcellate.
Leaves in whorls of 3, rarely 2, simple; exstipulate; petioles
glabrous; laminae elliptic to ovate-elliptic, the bases attenuate, the
margins entire, the tips acute to acuminate, unicostate, reticulate,
the surfaces glabrous, membranous.Inflorescences terminal or
lateral cymes, the cymes many-flowered, the primary peduncle 2- to
3- or 4-chotomously branched, the secondary peduncles bear 2-flowered
cymules, the ultimate cymules 4- to 5-flowered, the peduncles red or
green; bracts subulate, red, decuduous. Flowers bracteolate,
peidcellate, the pedicels red or green, bisexual, actinomorphic,
pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-sect, campanulate, the
lobes unequal, linear-lanceolate, reddish. Corolla sunpetalous, 5-lobed,
salverform, the tubes slender, obscurely decurved, reddish pink, dilated
slightly above the middle, the lobes elliptic-ovate, white. Androecium
polyandrous, staments 5, epipetalous, the filaments curved, inserted,
the anthers ovoid, dithercous, dorsifixed, dehiscence longitudinal.
Pistil 1, ovaries 2, ovoid, apocarpous becoming syncarpous, 2-carpelled,
2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovules drupe, deeply 2-lobed,
syncarpous at the base, obscurely bi-apiculate. Fruit a drupe, deeply
2-lobed, the style 1, filiform, the stigma calyptriform at the base,
obscurely bi-apiculate, Fruit a 1-seeded, green when young, purplish
black when ripe; seeds ovoid, endosperm fleshy. Flowering period:
October - December. Fruiting period: November-March. -- KS-TMN
An erect shrub up to 1m. high with cylindrical stems bearing a pale
bark and exhibiting a light-coloured viscous latex when ruptured, leaves green,
when dry very pale beneath, lanceolate, narrowed into a short petiole, arranged
in terminal and axillary cymes, fruit a single 2-1obed drupe turns purplish
black at maturity. -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar :
Grows wild on low hills, ascending up to 1000 ft, throughout Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Katha, Namkhan, Banmauk, Pyinamana, Toungoo Zigon, Okkan,
Taikkyi, Hlegu, Thaton, Kay-Mongnai Range, Sainka (Southern Shan States) -- UHM
Part used and uses :
Root: Cures hypertension; Hypnotic: Insanity; Infections; Gives
energy; For longevity of life. -- KS-TMN
Roots.
Used as anti-hypertensive agent, (reduces blood pressure),
sedative insanity. -- UHM
Constituents :
1. Two series of alkaloids: a. Ajmaline group consisting of ajmaline, Ajmalinine, and
Ajmalicine-all feebly basic. b. Serpentine group consisting of Serpentine and
2. Reserpine_ chief alkaloid with sedative, activity.
3. Other alkaloids: a. Isoajmaline (identical with Isorauwolfine) b. Neoajmaline.
c. Rauwolscine. d. Rauwolfinine.
4. Sterols
5. An oxymethylanthraquinone derivative.
6. Fumaric acid.
7. Oleic acid.
8. Glucose.
9. Sucrose.
10. Unsaturated alcohols.
11. Calcium oxalate.
12. A fluorescent substance. (3) -- UHM
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
UKT: Since, T. neriifolia and T. peruviana are synomyms
data on the two are presented in the same entry. See Chklist and USDA-NRCS-data
given below for synonyms.
Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri.Dept.2000 24-0620:
{(hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi)} / {ta.hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi}
Chklist: Payaung-pan, Sethnayathi
LSR 183:
{hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi (a.wa)}
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 54: Set hnit-yathi; Hpayaung-pan
Nagathein 1-479:
{hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi pan:}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi}
--
MMDict109
UKT: The plant is not listed in both MMDict and MEDict.
UKT:
{hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi} literally means the twelve Rasi
(ra-thi} corresponding to the 12 lunar months. The first rasi begins with the Sun's
transit from the 12th Sign of Zodiac (Pisces, the Fishes = Meena) to the first sign
(Aries, the Ram = Meesa), signifying the beginning of the Myanmar Solar New Year.
This falls about the middle of April. The first day of the first Myanmar lunar month,
generally, does not coincide with the Solar New Year; which usually falls about the middle of
the first lunar month, the month of Tankhu. Myanmars have 12 "Flowers of the
Month", the designated flower being the most common bloom for that month.
In the case of T. nerrifloia or T. peruviana ,
because it blooms the year-round, it is named the
{hsθύ.nhis-ra-thi pan:} or the "flower of the 12-rasi".
Data above updated (070313) in Akshara index
r2c2hsa.htm
Chklist data
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum. Habit: Small tree. Distribution:
Cultivated. Common Names: Mawk-hkam-long, Payaung-pan, Sethnayathi, Yellow
oleander
USDA-NRCS:
"THEVE","Thevetia Adans.","thevetia","Apocynaceae"
"THPE3","Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum.
","luckynut","Apocynaceae"
"CATH7","Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippoid",">>
Thevetia peruviana","Apocynaceae"
"CETH6","Cerbera thevetia L.",">>
Thevetia peruviana","Apocynaceae"
"THNE3","Thevetia neriifolia A. L. Juss. ex Steudel",">>
Thevetia peruviana","Apocynaceae"
Hindi
कनेर {ka.nι:r} -- Nagathein, transliteration by UKT
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 24-0620: Yellow oleander
Chklist: Yellow oleander
FAO -- NL
LSR 183: Exile oleander
KS-TMN -- Bastard oleander, Exile oleander, Yellow oleander
Nagathein -- Not given
UHM -- NL
Picture
Leaders: left -
http://www.cyprusweekly.com.cy/imagefiles/thevetia%20neriifolia2.JPG
right -
http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Thevetia_peruviana.html
Photos: left -- habit with flowers ,
right -- habit with fruits --KS-TMN
Plant identification characters
An evergreen shrub or small tree; younger stems glabrous, sap
milky. Leaves alternate, spirally arranged, simple; exstipulate; sessile;
laminae linear to linear-lanceolate, the bases attenuate, the margins entire,
the tips acute, unicostate, reticulate, the upper surfaces bright green,
glaucous. Inflorescences terminal or supra-axillary scorpioid cymes,
few-flowered; bracts subulate, deciduous. Flowers ebracteolate,
pedicellate, bisexual, actinomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous,
5-sect, the lobes ovate, imbricate, persistent. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed,
funnelform, the lower part of tube cylindrical, campanulate above the lobes
contorted, overlapping to the left in bud, the tube appendaged at the throat of
5 scales, arching over the stamens, yellow, white or pink. Androecium
polyandrous, stamens 5, epipetalous, inserted at the base of the corolla throat,
alternate the lobes, the anthers dithecous, sagittate, incumbent on the
stigmatic clavuncle, dehiscence longitudinal; disc cupular, thick, accrescent in
fruit. Pistil 1, ovaries 2, distinct, each ovary 1-carpelled, 1-loculed, the
placentation parietal, ovules 2 in each, the style 1, slender, the stigma or
clavuncle single, angular. Fruit a drupe, broadly obovoid, epicarp
fleshy, black when ripe; seeds 4, endospermic. Flowering and fruiting periods:
Throughout the year. -- KS-TMN
Form: tree or shrub. Seasonality:
evergreen. Size: normally 6-8ft; as tree can be to 20ft tall.
Leaves: alternate, nearly sessile; linear to linear lanceolate;
to 6in long by 1/4in wide; dark green, glossy. Flowers:
regular, fragrant, yellow or orange, 2in across in clusters; blooms over long
period. Fruit: capsule; hard, angled, to 1in across, green to
red to black. Stems/Trunks: can be trained as tree with single
trunk; poisonous sap is milky. Range/Origin: tropical America.
Hardiness: foliage damaged at 28°F, but survives much colder temps --
http://ag.arizona.edu/pima/gardening/aridplants/Thevetia_peruviana.html
Distribution in Myanmar
Commonly planted in the plains of Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses
Root -- Skin disease; Ringworm. Leaf --
Arthritis; Pruritis. Flower -- Carminative; Haemorrhoids; Carbuncles;
Pyrexia; Pruritis; Pruritis; Good for eyes -- KS-TMN
The yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) is an ornamental tree of
the Apocyanaceae family that is common throughout the tropics and
subtropics.1 Its sap contains cardiac glycosides
that are toxic to cardiac muscle and the autonomic nervous system.
2
Ingestion of its seeds results in a clinical picture similar to
that of digoxin overdose.3-5 Severely poisoned
patients may die in dc shock resistant ventricular fibrillation. Many
patients with moderate poisoning show PR interval prolongation and
progression to atrioventricular (AV) dissociation.
... Yellow oleander poisoning resembles digoxin poisoning. ... Most of our
patients were healthy before they ate the seeds.
--
http://heart.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/83/3/301
Constituents
Contents of this page
Family : Apocynaceae
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 :
NL
Chklist:
Thinbaw-mahnyo-pan
LSR 449:
{thοn~bau:ma.Ρho:}
FAO :
NL
KS-TMN:
NL
Nagathein :
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{thοn~bau:ma.Ρho:}
--
MMDict333
{thοn~bau:ma.Ρho:} /|thin:
bo: mahnjou:|/ - n. Madagascar periwinkle. Vinca rosea --
MEDict511
{za.lup} /|zala'| - n. kind of flowering shrub resembling
the periwinkle. Cerbera fruiticosa -- MEDict149
Data above updated (070316) in Akshara index
r6c5tha.htm
Chklist data
Vinca rosea L. . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago, Mandalay,
Yangon . Common Names: Thinbaw-mahnyo-pan
Hindi
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.Dept.2000 :
NL
Chklist:
NG
LSR 449:
Madagascar Periwinkle
FAO :
NL
KS-TMN:
NL
Nagathein :
UHM : NL
Picture
Leaders: coloured drawing - LSR449; photo -
www.nhes.hcc.edu.tw/plant/images/日日春.jpg
adult moth hovering and feeding on Rose Periwinkle ( Vinca rosea )
(Photo : courtesy of Leigh Whisson, Doolgunna Station, near Meekatharra, Western
Australia.) --
www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/.../sphi/kingii.html
Plant identification characters
Distribution in Myanmar
Part used and uses
Constituents
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
Syn. W. pubescens R. Br. --
http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/plantatlas/main.asp?plantID=544
Periploca arborea Dennstedt, Schlόssel Hortus Malab. 13, 23, 25. 1818;
Nerium tomentosum Roxburgh; Wrightia tomentosa
(Roxburgh) Roemer & Schultes. --
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210002329
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 53-1418:
{lak-htoat-thaim}
Chklist: Lettok-thein, Taung-zalut
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 3-254:
{lak-htoat-thaim}
UHM :
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{lak-htoat-thaim} -
-
MMDict295
{lak-htoat-thaim} /|le' htou' thein|/ - n. medium-sized tree which provides useful timber and bark for
treating renal complaints. Wrightia tomentosa. MEDict448
Data above updated (070313) in Akshara index
r6c3la.htm
Chklist data :
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. Cited as: Wrightia tomentosa
Roem. & Schult. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mandalay,
Yangon. Common Names: Danghkyam-kaii, Lettok-thein, Mai-lang, Mai-yang-hka-oaun,
Taung-zalut
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 53-1418: NG
Chklist: NG
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 3-254: NG
UHM :
Picture :
Leaders: left - flower --
http://ecocrop.fao.org/GPPIS.exe$ShowHost?Host=10924
right - Nagathein
Plant identification characters :
胭木 yan mu . Trees to 20 m tall. Branches gray or brown,
pubescent, lenticellate. Petiole 2-10 mm; leaf blade elliptic to broadly so or obovate,
6-18 X 3-8.5 cm, pubescent to glabrescent adaxially, tomentose abaxially; lateral
veins 10-15 pairs. Cymes pubescent; peduncle to 2 cm. Pedicel 1-1.5 cm. Sepals ovate
or broadly so, ca. 3 mm. Corolla yellowish, pinkish, or salmon, rotate or subrotate;
tube 3-7 mm, glabrous; lobes narrowly elliptic to ovate, 0.8-1.6 cm, papillate; corona
scales 10, shorter than anthers, glabrous inside, apex dentate. Ovaries connate.
Follicles connate, cylindric, 14-21 X 3-4 cm, lenticellate. Seeds linear-fusiform,
ca. 2 cm, coma ca. 3.5 cm. Fl. May-Oct, fr. Aug-Dec. 2n = 22. --
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210002329
Deciduous or mixed forests, stream banks; 200-1500 m. Guangxi, Guizhou,
Yunnan [India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam]. --
http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210002329
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Constituents :
UKT:
The name
{lak-htoat} has been applied to a number of plants. First, I will try to list
entries that have been entered under the name, 
{lak-htoat}, in the
Official Myanmar Dictionaries.
MMDict131
A large tree whose latex and bark have medicinal properties. The latex is white
when fresh but turns black on drying. (The plant is also known as {hsι:hka:kri:},
{taung-mu.ro:}, {lak-htoat}, and {thin-poan:}. -- free translation by UKT.
MMDict295
A medium sized tree with bluish bark bearing long pods. -- free translation by UKT
MEDict448
{lak-htoat} - n. same as
{lak-htoat-kri:} -- MEDict448
MEDict448
{lak-htoat-kri:} - tree which provides useful timber and bark for treating
dysentery, Holarrhena antidysenterica -- MEDict448
[UKT:
{lak-htoat-kri:} literally means "large-{lak-htoat}"]
MEDict448
{lak-htoat-thaim} - n. medium-sized tree which provides useful timber,
and bark for treating renal complaints. Wrightia tomentosa -- MEDict448
[UKT:
{lak-htoat-thaim} literally means "dwarf-{lak-htoat}"]
Since, Alstonia scholaris, fam. Apocynaceae, is a large tree,
Alstonia scholaris
"... is a large tree, with smooth, entire, thick leaves disposed in
whorls. ..." -- King's American Dispensatory, by H. W. Felter and J. U. Lloyd, 1898,
http://www.ibiblio.org/herbmed/eclectic/kings/alstonia-scho.html
the name {lak-htoat} should not be applied to it. However, there are authors
who have listed A. scholaris as {lak-htoat}:
FAO listed Alstonia scholaris as Lettok
(M. Jensen,
Trees commonly
cultivated in Southeast Asia, pg. 60-61)
KS-TMN, pg.45 , listed Alstonia scholaris as Taung-ma-yoe,
Lak-htoke, Taung-mare-oke
UHM 4: listed
Alstonia scholaris as Lettok, Taung-meok
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Alstonia' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 12 Mar 2007.
Alstonia rostrata Fischer . Cited as: Alyxia calophylla
Wall., Winchia calophylla A. DC. . Habit: Tree . Distribution: Mon,
Mon, Taninthayi, Taninthayi . Common Names: Kalar-paung
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. . Habit: Tree . Distribution:
Bago, Kachin, Mandalay, Shan, Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names: Devil tree,
Dita bark, Letpan-ga, Taung-mayo, Taung-meoak
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Carissa' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 12 Mar 2007.
Carissa carandas L. . Cited as: Carissa carandas var.
congesta Bedd. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common
Names: Karaunda, Khan
Carissa spinarum A. DC. . Cited as: Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.)
DC. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common Names: Khanzat,
Natal plum, Taw-khan-pin
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Holarrhena' in the Checklist of Plants
of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 12 Mar 2007.
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G. Don . Cited as:
Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Wide .
Common Names: Danghkyam-kaba, Dangkyam, Kurchi conessi, Lettok, Lettok-gyi, Mai-hkao-long,
Mai-yang
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
Results of search for 'Nerium' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 30 Jul 2006.
Nerium oleander L. Cited as: Nerium indicum Mill. Habit:
Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Cultivated. Common Names: Nwe-tha-gee, Oleander,
Rose bay, Sweet-scented Indian oleander, Tayok-hnin-si
USDA-NRCS
"NEGR4","Nerium grandiflorum Roxb.
ex R. Br.",">>Cryptostegia grandiflora",
"Asclepiadaceae"
"NERIU","Nerium L.",
"oleander","Apocynaceae"
"NEOL","
Nerium oleander L.","oleander","Apocynaceae"
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Plumeria' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 12 Mar 2007.
Plumeria alba L. . Habit: Tree . Distribution: Cultivated
Plumeria obtusa L. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution:
Cultivated . Common Names: Akyaw, Tayok-saga-aphyu
Plumeria rubra L. . Cited as: Plumeria acuminata
Ait. . Habit: Small tree . Distribution: Cultivated . Common Names:
Frangipani, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-ka, Mawk-sam-pailong, Pagoda tree, Red
plumeria, Sonpabataing, Tayok-saga, Tayoksaga-ani
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Rauvolfia' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 12 Mar 2007.
Rauvolfia microcarpa Hook. f. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar . Common Names: Taung-zalat
Rauvolfia rivularis Merr. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Kachin
Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. . Habit: Shrub .
Distribution: Bago, Chin, Kayin, Mandalay, Mon, Yangon . Common Names:
Bonma-yaza
Rauvolfia verticillata (Lour.) Baill. . Cited as: Rauvolfia
densiflora (Thwaites) Benth., Rauvolfia ophiorrhizoides (Kurz)
Kerr, Rauvolfia peguana Hook. f., Rauvolfia perakensis King &
Gamble . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Reported from Myanmar . Common Names: Sin-bonma-yaza,
Thit-nga-yok, Ye-zalut
Contents of this page
Family: Apocynaceae
Results of search for 'Thevetia' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 30 Apr 2006.
Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Cultivated.
Common Names: Mawk-hkam-long, Payaung-pan, Sethnayathi, Yellow oleander
USDA-NRCS:
"THEVE","Thevetia Adans.","thevetia",
"Apocynaceae"
"THPE3","Thevetia peruviana
(Pers.) K. Schum.","luckynut","Apocynaceae"
"CATH7","Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippoid","&
gt;>Thevetia peruviana","Apocynaceae"
"CETH6","Cerbera thevetia L.",">>
Thevetia peruviana","Apocynaceae"
"THNE3","Thevetia neriifolia
A. L. Juss. ex Steudel",">>
Thevetia peruviana","Apocynaceae"
"THTH3","Thevetia thevetioides (Kunth)
Schumann","thevetia","Apocynaceae"
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Vinca' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 16 Mar 2007.
Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R. Br. ex Roem. & Schult. . Cited as:
Ervatamia coronaria (Willd.) Stapf, Ervatamia divaricata
Burkill, Ervatamia recurva (Roxb.) Lace, Tabernaemontana coronaria
Willd., Tabernaemontana recurva Roxb., Vinca alba Noronha .
Habit: Shrub, Climber . Distribution: Cultivated . Common Names: Cape jasmine,
Cape jasmine, Lashi, Moonbeam, Taw-zalat, Zalat, Zalat-setkya
Vinca rosea L. . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago, Mandalay,
Yangon . Common Names: Thinbaw-mahnyo-pan
Contents of this page
Results of search for 'Wrightia' in the Checklist of Plants
of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 31 Jul 2006.
Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabb. Cited as: Wrightia tomentosa
Roem. & Schult. Habit: Small tree. Distribution: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Mandalay,
Yangon. Common Names: Danghkyam-kaii, Lettok-thein, Mai-lang, Mai-yang-hka-oaun,
Taung-zalut
Wrightia collettii Ngan . Habit: Tree, Shrub. Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar
Wrightia dubia (Sims) Spreng. Cited as: Strophanthus jackianus
Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Taninthayi, Taninthayi
Wrightia laevis Hook. f. Habit: Tree. Distribution: Reported from
Myanmar
Wrightia religiosa Benth. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Taninthayi.
Common Names: Bontayasa
USDA-NRCS-data
[Unable to locate]
Contents of this page
Entry format: Botanical name / Family /
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist:
LSR :
FAO :
KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :/ Myanmar-Script Spelling
(Official Myanmar Dictionaries : - TravPo-M-Dict - Myan-Engl-Dict -
Myan-Ortho / Chklist data / Hindi / Sanskrit /
English common name used in Myanmar / Picture /
Plant identification characters / Distribution in Myanmar /
Part used and uses / Constituents /
End of TIL file
