compiled by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL. Not for sale.
Family: Acanthaceae 6 entries
Acanthus ilicifolius
{hka.ra (rι)}
Adhatoda vasica ; Justicia adhatoda
L.
{mu.ya:kri:}
Andrographis paniculata
{hsι:hka:kri: (nga.roat-hka:)}
(
)
Barleria prionitis
{laip-hsu:rhwι}
Hygrophila phlomoides
{mi.kyaung:kwam:hpat}
Rhinacanthus nasutus ;
R. communis
{htau:la.pat}
UKT: Name changed to Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.).
Acanthus spp.
Adhatoda spp.
Andrographis spp.
Barleria spp.
Hygrophila spp.
Justica spp.
Rhinacanthus spp.
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Family: Acanthaceae
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri2000 11-0277:
{rι-hka.ra}
Chklist: Kaya-chon,
Kha-yar, Kha-yar-chon
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 026: Khayar; Ye-khayar
Nagathein 1-241:
{hka.ra (rι)}.
UHM : NL
Nagathein also listed another as
{hka.ra (koan:)}, Argemone mexicana fam: Papaveraceae
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{hka.ra} -
--
MMDict040
{hka.ra} /|khaja|/ - prickly poppy, Agemone mexicana -- MEDict052
UKT: Agemone mexicana -- is of the family Papaveraceae -- http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/CropFactSheets/argemone.html
Data above updated (070310) in Akshara index r1c2hka.htm
Chklist data : 060418
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Ayeyarwady,
Rakhine, Taninthayi, Yangon. Common Names: Holly-leaved acanthus, Kaya-chon,
Kha-yar, Kha-yar-chon, Sea holly
Hindi :
{har-kuky-kaaN~Ta} for
(
)
{hka.ra (rι)} -- Nagathein
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar
Agri.2000 -- Sea holly; Holly-leaved acanthus
Chklist: Holly-leaved acanthus, Sea holly
LSR : NL
FAO -- NL
KS-TMN -- Sea Holly
Nagathein -- Sea Holly
UHM -- NL
Picture :
Leader from Nagathein 1-242
Photos: left -- flowers ; right -- habit with fruits.
Click on the pictures to enlarge.-- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters:
An erect shrub; branches sparce, the younger stems terete, glabrous. Leaves opposite and decussate,simple; stipules spinous; petioles short; laminae oblong or elliptic, pinnaatifid to pinnatipartite, the bases, the margins and the tips spinous, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous, coriaceous. Inflorescences in terminal spicate cymes, elongate, laxly flowered; bracts ovate, acute, glabrous. Flowers bracteolate, the bracteoles broadly lanceolate, sessile, bisexual, zygomorphic, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 4-sect, the two outer lobes larger, elliptic, the two inner ones broadly lanceolate. Corolla synpetalous, bilabiate, blue,the upper lip obsolete, the lower lip elongate obovate, obtusely 3-lobed, pubescent within. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 4, didynamous, shorter than the lower lip, epipetalous, the filaments stout, attached at the base of the corolla tube, curved below the anthers, exserted, the anthers monothecous, oblongoid, spurred, dorsifixed, extrorse, dehiscence longitudinal, necteriferous disc absent. Pistill, ovary ovoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovules 2 in each locule, the style slender, the stigma bifid.] Fruit a loculicidal capsule, oblongoid, compressed, chestnut brown; seeds 4, subglobose, compressed, glabrous, non-endospermic. Flowering and fruiting periods: April - August -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation:
Generally grows in coastal areas on brackish water edges. A tall plant with
thorns. Though this species bears white flowers, there is another with blue
flowers.
Distribution in Myanmar:
Grows wild at the edges of the Mangrove forests in Myanmar. -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses:
Galactagogue; As an
expectorant; Indigestion;
Flatulence;
Neuralgia;
Biliousness; Oedema.
Leaf - Arthritis; Neuralgia. Young stem or leaf --
Antidote for snake venom. Thorn -- Antidote for snake bite -- KS-TMN
Constituents
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri2000 44-1154:
{mu.ya:kri:}
Chklist: Hitingra-hpraw, Htingra-hpraw, Malabar nut tree, Malabar nut tree,
Mauk-salum, Mauk-salum, Maya-gyi, May-gyi, My-yar-gyi, Ye-magyi, Ye-magyi
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 029: Muyar-gyi; Mayar-gyi
Nagathein 2-428:
{mu.ya:kri:}
UHM 02: Maya-gyi, Yema-gyi, Mauk-sa-lun
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{mu.ya:kri:}
--
MM235
{mu.ra:kri:} /|majagji:|/ - n. kind of medicinal shrub -- MEDict343
Data above updated (070310) in Akshara index r5c5ma.htm
Chklist data : 070308.
Justicia adhatoda L. Cited as: Adhatoda vasica Nees.
Habit: Herb. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Hitingra-hpraw, Htingra-hpraw,
Malabar nut tree, Malabar nut tree, Mauk-salum, Mauk-salum, Maya-gyi, May-gyi,
My-yar-gyi, Ye-magyi, Ye-magyi
The following is
from USDA-NRCS:
Kingdom:
Plantae Plants . Subkingdom:
Tracheobionta Vascular plants. Superdivision:
Spermatophyta Seed plants. Division:
Magnoliophyta Flowering plants. Class:
Magnoliopsida Dicotyledons. Subclass:
Asteridae . Order:
Scrophulariales . Family:
Acanthaceae Acanthus family. Genus:
Justicia L. water-willow. Species:
Justicia adhatoda L. Malabar nut
UKT: The suffix {kri:} (meaning: <big>) in Burmese-Myanmar name
Justicia decussata Roxb. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Wide . Common Names: Ma-yar-thein, Nat-pan, Tamase-kyan
(See more plants of Justicia spp.)
Hindi:
अरुसा {a.ru.hsa} -- Nagathein
(UKT: Hindi-Devanagari and Hindi-Myanmar scripts given by Nagathein need
to be checked because semi-vowels are involved.)
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri2000 -- Malabar nut
Chklist: Malabar nut tree
LSR : NL
FAO -- NL
KS-TMN -- Malabar nut tree
Nagathein -- Not given
UHM -- NL
Picture:
Leader from picture on right from:
www.avicenna.cz/ item/adhatoda-vasica,
20040726-adhatoda.jpg, 127 x 160 pixels - 6k,
www.avicenna.cz/ item/adhatoda-vasica
Photos: left -- habit with flowers. right --
habit with flowers and young fruits -- KS-TMN
Flower
--
www.tropicamente.it/ web/a.htm
Plant identification characters:
A perennial dense shrub; bark yellowish, the younger stems terete, pubescent, unarmed, the nodes tumid. Leaves opposite and decussate, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae elliptic-lanceolate, the bases acute, the margins entire, the tips acuminate, unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences in axillary spicate cymes, densely flowered; peduncles short; bracts broadly ovate, foliaceous. Flowers bracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, campanulate, 5-sect, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, imbricate. Corolla synpetalous, 5-lobed, bilabiate, the tubes cylindrical, the upper half laterally inflated, constricted above the middle, the upper lips 2-fid, erect, the lower lips 3-fid, spreading, white, throat with pinkish stripes. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 2, epipetalous, the anthers dithecous, sagittate ,the lobes divergent at the base, the lower lobe apiculate at the base, introrse ,dehiscence longitudinal, disc annular. Pistil 1, ovary ovoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovules 2 in each locule, the style filiform, the stigma 2-lipped. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, clavately oblongoid, dorsi-ventrally flattened; seeds subglobose, 2 per fruit, 1 aborted, tubercular-verrucose, glabrous, non-endospermic. Propagation: This species propagate mainly by cuttings. Flowerings period: November - March. Fruiting period: January - March -- KS-TMN
Nagathein, and UKT's free translation.
Height 4 to 8 feet, with leaves 4 to 8 inches in length. Leaf tips acuminate.
Subspecies bearing white and red flowers. Subspecies also differentiated by
stem-colour: "white" and "dark". Younger stems of "white"
are greenish, whereas those of "dark" are darkish. The entire plant is to be
used. -- Nagathein, free translation by UKT.
A dense shrub with many long opposite ascending branches, stem with yellowish bark, terete, glabrous, leaves elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, minutely pubescent when young, glabrous when mature, entire, inflor. a short dense axillary paniculate spike. -- UHM
U Pe Than: One of identification characteristics is the bitter taste of leaves when chewed. The taste is due to the presence of the alkaloid vasicine. Structure : vasicine.gif 198 x 194 pixels - 3k grandfinale.at.infoseek.co.jp/ anthranilic-syn... from http://images.google.com/images
Distribution in Myanmar:
Throughout the Myanmar plains up to 4000ft. KS-TMN
Taunggyi, Taunglelon reserved forest (Southern Shan State),
Hsipaw, Loikaw, Syriam, Kyaikmaraw, Kado (Moulmein) -- UHM
Part used and uses :
Whole plant -- (young plant): Jaundice;
Opthalmia;
Mucolytic. (whole plant):
Carminative;
For good voice; Good for heart. Roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds:
Expectorant; Biliousness.
Root: Cough; Mucolytic; Asthma; Epiphora;
Epistaxis;
Stomatitis;
Haematemesis; Antidote for scorpion stings;
Leucorrhoea;
Tooth-ache. Leaf: Biliary infection; Haematemesis; Asthma; Leucorrhoea. -- KS-TMN
Fresh and dried leaves. Expectorant, chronic and acute bronchitis. -- UHM
Tender shoots boiled and eaten with salt and sometimes mixed with curd; (Garhwal Himalayas): shoots and stem eaten. Vernacular name - Kumaon region: Basinga. Ref. BHARGAVA, GUPTA. -- FAO Famine Foods
Constituents:
1. 0.25% of alkaloid vasicine 2. Odorous volatile principle of the nature of an essential oil. (4) -- UHM
The leaves of the plant contain two major alkaloids called vasicine,
and vasicinone (Ref 1,2) . The active alkaloid vasicine and its autooxidation
product vasicinone have shown bronchodilator and antihistaminic effects (Ref 3,4) .
Uterine stimulant activity and moderate hypotensive activity of the alkaloids
were reported. Thrombopoeitic activity of vasicine has been observed (Ref 5) .
Intraamniotic injection of vasicine hydrochloride was effective in inducing
mid-trimester abortions at dose of 60mg (Ref 6) .
The leaf extract has been used for the treatment
of bronchitis and asthma for many centuries. It relieves cough and
breathlessness (Ref 7) . It is also prescribed commonly
for bleeding due to idiopathic thrombocytopenic
purpura,
local bleeding due to peptic ulcer, piles,
menorrhagia etc. Its local use gives relief in
pyorrhoea and in bleeding gums (Ref 8) .
Ref: 1. Pandita, K: Planta Med, 48:81 (1983).
2. Atal, C.K. : Chemistry and Pharmacology of vasicine - A new
oxytocic and
abortifacient, P.58., New Delhi(1980).
3. Chopra, R.N. : Indigenous Drugs of India, Academic Publishers, Calcutta (1982).
4. Amin, A.H. and D.R Mehta : Nature, 184:1317 (1959).
5. Atal, C.K. et al. : Ind. J. Exp. Biol., 20:704 (1982).
6. J. Obstet, Gynaecol. India 1979, 29, 939.
7. Gogate, V.M. : Dravyagunavignyana, continental prakashan, Pune (1982)
8. Doshi, J.J.et al. : Int. J. Crude Drug Res., 21:173(1983). --
www.sirisimpex.com/adhatoda.htm
Pharmacological, animal toxicity, pharmacokinetic, formulation and stability studies carried out and reported from this Institute in recent years indicated that vasicine, the alkaloid of Adhotoda vasica holds promise for its use as an oxytocic/abortifacient in therapeutics. This report covers the investigations on its clinical pharmacology carried out on 24 human volunteers with 0.5-16 mg dose of vasicine injected iv. in 500 ml saline in 3 hours with the objective of determining any acute human toxicity, tolerance, pharmacological action, any untoward effect and safe dosage range. Vasicine tried up to 16 mg dose on the hospital in-patients on 2nd to 8th day of normal puerperium was well tolerated and showed no undesirable effect in clinical observations, haematological and biochemical investigations and kidney and liver function tests carried out before, during and after vasicine treatment. However, uterus became firm and contracted after vasicine treatment which indicated its effectiveness as an oxytocic. -- Wakhloo RL, Girija Kaul, Gupta OP, Atal CK, Safety of vasicine hydrochloride in human volunteers, Indian Journal of Pharmacology, Short Communication, vol 12, issue 2, p129-131, 1980 www.ijp-online.com/article. asp?issn=0253-7613;year=1980;volume=12;issue=2;spage=129;epage=131;aulast=Wakhloo;type=0
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri2000 20-0520:
{hsι:hka:kri:}
Chklist: King of bitters, Sega-gyi, Se-khar-gyi
LSR177:
{hsι:hka:kri: (nga.roat-hka:) }
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 030: Hsay-khar-gyi; Nga-yoke-khar
Nagathein 1-451:
{hsι:hka:kri: (nga.roat-hka:)}
UHM 5: Se-ga-gyi
UKT: Since the local population tend to call any plant purported to have medicinal properties as {hsι:}, anything that tastes bitter as {hka:}, and anything "special" as {kri:}, the name derived from these three words {hsι:hka:kri:} can be any plant from any family and any genus. e.g.
{hsι:hka:kri: (thοn~Bau:)} Swertis chirata fam.
Agri.Dept.2000 60-1600 listed the plant as Swertia chirata - Gentianaceae -{thοn~Bau: hsι:hka:kri:}, and Nagathein 4-391 relisted the plant as
{thοn~Bau: hsι:hka:kri: (rham:hsι:hka:)} and referred to Nagathein 1-453
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{hsι:hka:kri:} --
--
MMDict101
{hsι:hka:kri:} /|hsei: ga: gji:|/-- n. 1. bitter tonic and febrifuge prepared from the Andrographis paniculata -- MEDict133
Data above updated (070311) in Akshara index r2c2hsa.htm
Chklist data : 070308
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees . Habit: Shrub.
Distribution: Kachin, Kayin, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing . Common Names: King of
bitters, Sega-gyi, Se-khar-gyi
Hindi:
{kaal-mιG}
-- Andrographis paniculata -- {hsι:hka:kri: (nga.roat-hka:)}
{kyi.ra.ya.ta}
-- Swertia chirata -- {hsι:hka:kri: (thin~Bau)}
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri2000 -- King of bitters
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO -- NL
KS-TMN -- Creat
Nagathein -- Not given
UHM -- Creat
Picture :
Leader from Nagathein 1-452
Leader, in color, LSR177
Photos: left -- habit with flowers.
right -- habit with fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A perennial herb; stems sharply quadrangular, solid, puberulent. Leaves opposite and decussate, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae elliptic or lanceolate, the bases obtuse, the margins entire, the tips acute, unicostate, reticulate, glabrous. Inflorescences in axillary and terminal paniculate cymes; peduncle length about half the height of plant; bracts small, persistent. Flowers ebracteolate, pedicellate, bisexual, zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-sect, the lobes linear-lanceolate, the outer surfaces pubscent with glandular hairs. Corolla synpetalous, deeply bilabiate, white, the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower lip 3-lobed, the inner surfaces with maroon coloured spots, pubescent. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 2, epipetalous, about the middle of corolla tube, the filaments ciliate upwards, white, the anthers dithecous, oblongoid, the bases bearded, connivent, dark purple, introrse, exserted, dehiscence longitudinal, annular nectiferous disc present. Pistil 1 , ovary ellipsoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the placentation axile, the ovule 1 in each locule, the style filiform, exserted, the stigma simple. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, ellipsoid, glabrous; seeds 4-5, subquadrate, rugose, non-endospermic. Flowering period: Flowers throughout the year. Fruiting period: Fruits throughout the year -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation.
Small plant, 1 to 3 feet in height. Some are of the opinion that two species that go by the name
{rham:hsι:hka:kri:} (Hindi: {kyi.ra-ya.ta})and {hsι:hka:kri: (thin~Bau)} (Hindi: {ka-la.mι-Ga})
are the same. They are not. {hsι:hka:kri: (thin~Bau)} is less medicinally effective than
{rham:hsι:hka:kri:}
An erect branched annual, 1-3 feet with quadrangular stems base not pubescent; leaves 2½ by ½ - Ύ in., narrowed at both ends, ovate at base, paler beneath, flowers in racemes. -- UHM
Distribution in Myanmar:
Grows wild throughout the plains. Also cultivated. -- KS-TMN
Twante, Taunggyi reserved forest, Kalaw range (Southern Shan
State), traces in Moulmein, Mudon, Rangoon, Hmawbi -- UHM
Part used and uses:
Root, leaf, flower, fruit, seed --
Pediatric fevers - Diarrhoea; Head-ache; Indigestion. -- KS-TMN
Leaves.
Used as relieve griping, irregular stools, loss of appetite,
general debility, dysentery, dyspepsia, febrifuge. -- UHM
Constituents :
1. Bitter principle Andrographolide 0.8 - 2.5 % (10) -- UHM
{mi.kyaung:kwam:hpat}
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri2000 43-1147:
{mi.kyaung:kwam:hpat}
Chklist: Burma linseed, Migyaung-kunbat
LSR353:
{mi.hkyaung:kwam:hpat}
FAO : NL
KS-TMN :
Nagathein 2-425:
{mi.hkyaung:kwam:hpat}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{mi.kyaung:kwam:hpat} -
MMDict232
{mi.kyaung:kwam:hpat} /|mi. gjaun: kun: ba'|/ - n. herb, the seeds of which
are steeped in water
to make poultice. Hygrophila phlomoides -- MEDict339
Data above updated (070213) in Akshara index r5c5ma.htm
Chklist data : 070308
Hygrophila phlomoides Nees . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago,
Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names: Burma linseed, Migyaung-kunbat
Hygrophila phlomoides var. roxburghii C.B. Clarke .
Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago, Mandalay, Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names:
Burma linseed, Mi-gyaung-kun-phut
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Chklist: Burma linseed, Migyaung-kunbat
Picture :
Leader -- Nagathein
Leader, colour -- LSR353
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses / Constituents :
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcript names:
Agri2000 30-0786:
{htau-la.pat}
Chklist: Htaw-labat
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 34 : R. nasuta (L.) Kurz -- Htaw-la-butt
Nagathein 2-059
{htau-la.pat}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{htau:la.pat }-
--
MMDict143
{htau:la.pat} /|hto: laba'|/ - n. small shrub, the leaves of which are used in preparing shampoo,
Rhinacanthus communis -- MEDict197
Data above updated (070311) in Akshara index r4c2hta.htm
Chklist data : 060730
Rhinacanthus communis Nees. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago, Magway,
Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Htaw-labat
Hindi:
{pa-la.ka.gyu-ti} -- Nagathein
Sanskrit:
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 -- NG
Chklist: NG
LSR : NL
FAO -- NL
KS-TMN -- NG
Nagathein -- NG
UHM -- NL
Picture :
Leader from Nagathein 2-060
Leader, photo, KS-TMN
Photos: left -- habit with flowers,
right -- habit with fruits. Click on the pictures to enlarge. -- KS-TMN
Whole plant and flowers
http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/shoyaku/photo/Thai/thai42.jpg
Plant identification characters :
An undershrub; stems subterete or obscurely angled, glabrous.
Leaves opposite, decussate, simple; exstipulate; petioles short;
laminae elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic - lanceolate or elliptic-oblong,
the bases tapering to acute, the margins entire, undulate, the tips acute,
unicostate, reticulate, the surfaces glabrous or glabrescent. Inflorescences
in paniculate cymes, terminal; bracts small, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent.
Flowers sessile or shortly pedicellate, bracteolate, bisexual,
zygomorphic, pentamerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 5-partite, the lobes
linear-lanceolate, subequal, tomentose. Corolla synpetalous, the tube long,
narrow, cylindric, scarcely widened above, the limb 2-lipped, the upper lip
shortly 2-lobed, erect, the lower broad, 3-lobed, the lobes oblong, obtuse,
recurved, white. Androecium polyandrous, stamens 2, inserted, epipetalous on
the throat of the corolla, the filaments short, the anthers dithecous, superposed,
cupular nectiferous disc present. Pistil 1, ovary ovoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous,
2-loculed, the ovules 2 in each locule, the style filiform, the stigma minutely 2-fid.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule, clavate, contracted below into a long solid
cylindric stalk, 4- seeded; seeds ovoid, slightly compressed, glabrous, obscurely
rugose, non-endospermic. Flowering period: May - June.
Fruiting period: May - June -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation:
Small plant about 3 feet in height. Round stem. Bluish in color. Leaves:
opposite, about 4 inches in length by 2 inches in width. Flowers white producing
a disagreeable smell when crushed.
Distribution in Myanmar :
Grows wild and cultivated throughout Myanmar -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
Leaf juice: Heals ringworm, pimples and freckles on the face
Root bark: Aphrodisiac; Ringworm; Herpes; Skin disease;
Oedema; For dyeing
hair; As hair shampoo; Promotes growth of eyebrows -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation:
Hot (Nagathein probably means "heat element".) The leaf-juice heals ringworm,
{ρhing:} and
{ting:teip} (freckles) on the face. Cuts.
Finely ground root bark mixed with alum and black pepper is an instant cure for ringworm.
Root boiled in milk is an aphrodisiac. Root bark cures
{rι-yoan}
(herpes), skin diseases, Oedema. (UKT: leaves are traditionally used:)
For hair dyeing and as a shampoo. Gives strength to hairs of the eye-brow.
Rhinacantus nasutus
(Acanthacae) ... is a small slender shrub, 1-2 m in height. ... leaves ...
for various skin problems. In India R. nasutus L.) is used in poultice
for the treatment of eczema and ringworm. In Thailand a tincture either with
alcohol or vinegar is prepared to cure certain forms of ringworm.
In Malay Peninsula the leaves are pounded with benzoin and
sulphur and the paste is applied to the area infected by ringworm.
In Philippines it is traditionally used either as a sap or a decoction . [1-3]
It was found that as ethanolic extract of
R. nasutus (L.) exhibited a potent dose dependent anti-fungal
activity against Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagorphytes
along with substantial anti-fungal activity against all the fungal strains
tested. An anti-bacterial activity of the plant is also observed against
gram-positive bacteria, however, was ineffective against gram-negative bacteria
used in this study. -- Evaluation of Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial Activity
of a Local Plant Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.), Munavvar Abdul Sattar, et. al.
Journal of Biological Sciences 4 (4): 498-500, 2004,
ISSN 1727-3048 © 2004 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
www.ansinet.org/fulltext/jbs/jbs44498-500.pdf .
UKT: See the
full pdf file in TIL archives.
Constituents :
Notably 4-acetonyl-3, 5-dimethoxy-p-quinol, rhinacanthin-A, rhinacanthin-D,
rhinacanthin-Q, rhinacanthone, dihydro-"-lapachone, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde,
methyl vanillate, syrengaldehyde, lupeol, wogonin, oroxylin A, (+)-praeruptorin,
allantoin, $-amyrin, stigmasterol, sitosterolstigmasterol-4-en-3-one,
2-methylanthraquinone, 2, 4-dimethoxybenzoquinone, 2-methoxy-4-propionylphenol,
syringic acid, vanillic acid . [4-8] --
Evaluation of Anti-fungal and Anti-bacterial Activity of a Local Plant
Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.), Munavvar Abdul Sattar, et. al.
Journal of Biological Sciences 4 (4): 498-500, 2004,
ISSN 1727-3048 © 2004 Asian Network for Scientific Information.
www.ansinet.org/fulltext/jbs/jbs44498-500.pdf .
UKT: See the
full pdf file in TIL archives.
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts:
Agri2000 54-1431:
{leip-hsu:rhwι}
Chklist: Leik-su-ywe
LSR415 :
{leip-hsu:rhwι};
{leip-tha.rhwι a.wa}:
FAO : NL
KS-TMN 33: Leik-sa-ywe; Leik-tha-ywe
Nagathein 3-271:
{leip-hsu:rhwι a.wa}
Nagathein listed 4 kinds of {leip-hsu} differentiated by colors.
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
{leip-hsu:rhwι} --
-- MMDict299
{leip-sa.rwι} /|lei' sajwei|/ -- n. See
{leip-hsu:shwι} -- MEDict454
{leip-hsu:shwι} /|lei' hsu: shwei|/ -- n. kind of thorny shrub, Barleria prionitis --
MEDict454
Data above updated (070213) in Akshara index r6c3la.htm
Chklist data : 070308
Barleria prionitis L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Kachin,
Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Yangon. Common Names: Leik-su-ywe
Hindi
{pi-li-ka.kaT-sa.reik-ya} -- Nagathein
Sanskrit
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 -- Not given
Chklist:
LSR : NL
FAO -- NL
KS-TMN -- Not given
Nagathein -- Not given
UHM -- NL
Picture :
Leader from Nagathein 3-270
Leader from LSR415
Photos: left -- habit with flowers,
right -- habit with fruits -- KS-TMN
Plant identification characters :
A much branched shrub, usually very prickly, rarely unarmed;
younger stems cylindrical or obscurely quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves
opposite and decussate, simple; exstipulate; petiolate; laminae elliptic to
elliptic-oblong, the bases attenuate, the margins entire, the tips cuspidate,
unicostate, reticulate, the upper surfaces glabrous, the lower tawny sericeous.
Inflorescences axillary cymes, 1-to 3-flowered in the lower axils,
becoming spicate above; bracts foliaceous, oblong-lanceolate, spinescent, persistent.
Flowers bracteolate, bracteoles spinescent, sessile, zygomorphic,
bisexual, tetramerous, hypogynous. Calyx synsepalous, 4-sect in opposite pairs,
the outer pair much larger, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the inner pair or lobes
linear-lanceolate, mucronate. Corolla synpetalous, infundibuliform, 5-lobed,
bilabiate, the upper lip deeply 4- lobed, the lobes oblong-obovate, the tube
elongate, twice the length of lobe, puberulent without, glabrous within, yellow.
Androecium polyandrous, stamens 4, 2 fertile, 2 staminodes, epipetalous,
the filaments of the fertile stamens longer, exserted, the anthers dithecous,
oblongoid, dehiscence longitudinal;disc large, cupular, half embracing the ovary.
Pistil 1, ovary ovoid, 2-carpelled, syncarpous, 2-loculed, the ovules 2 in each locule,
the placentation axile-basal, the style long and slender, the stigma bifid.
Fruit a loculicidal capsule, ovoid, with a long tapering solid beak, 2-seeded;
seeds ovoid, much compressed, sericeous, hairs wavy, non-endospermic.
Flowering period: October-November
Fruiting period: November - January. -- KS-TMN
Nagathein and UKT's free translation.
A small shrub. There are 4 subspecies not very much different from one another in appearance. They are differentiated by the colour of the flowers: gray, red, white and yellow.
Plant 2 to 5 feet high. Many branches. Numerous small thorns along branches and
stems. Fruits also have thorns. Fruits 3/4 to 1 inch long. Leaf tips pointed, 2
to 5 inches long, and 1 1/2 to 2 inches broad. Grows profusely during rainy
season. Young fruits green turning blue on maturity. Two seeds per fruit.
Distribution in Myanmar :
A weed, common in dry plains -- KS-TMN
Part used and uses :
Roots, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds -- Infantile diarrhoea.
Root: Cellulitis . Leaf: Pyrexia; Pruritis; Ringworm; Heals boils
and carbuncles; Antidote for scorpion venom; Infantile coughs and fevers; Scabies;
Gonorrhoea; Cough. Leaf and stem: Heal chronic sores and ulcers -- KS-TMN
Constituents
UKT: I have accessed Chklist and USDA-NRCS to find the various species of this genus just to serve as a format for checking with them in the future.
Results of search for 'Acanthus' in the Checklist of
Plants of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 18 Apr 2006.
http://persoon.si.edu/myanmar/index.cfm
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl. Habit: Shrub.
Distribution: Ayeyarwady, Rakhine, Taninthayi. Common Names: Kayar, Khaya
Acanthus ilicifolius L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Ayeyarwady,
Rakhine, Taninthayi, Yangon. Common Names: Holly-leaved acanthus, Kaya-chon,
Kha-yar, Kha-yar-chon, Sea holly
Acanthus leucostachyus Wall. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Kachin, Sagaing. Common Names: Kha-yar
Acanthus longibracteatus Kurz. Habit: Herb. Distribution: Bago
Acanthus longipetiolatus Kurz. Habit: Herb.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Acanthus volubilis Wall. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Ayeyarwady, Bago, Rakhine, Taninthayi.
Common Names: Kha-yar-nwe
Results of search for 'Adhatoda' in the Checklist of Plants
of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 8 Mar 2007.
Adhatoda oreophila Fischer. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Shan
Justicia adhatoda L. Cited as: Adhatoda vasica Nees.
Habit: Herb. Distribution: Wide. Common Names: Hitingra-hpraw, Htingra-hpraw,
Malabar nut tree, Malabar nut tree, Mauk-salum, Mauk-salum, Maya-gyi, May-gyi,
My-yar-gyi, Ye-magyi, Ye-magyi
Results of search for 'Andrographis' in the Checklist of
Plants of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 8 Mar 2007.
Andrographis echioides Nees. Habit: Herb. Distribution: Mandalay,
Sagaing
Andrographis hygrophiloides (T. Anders.) W.J. Kress & R.A. DeFilipps.
Cited as: Haplanthus hygrophiloides T. Anders. Habit: Shrub.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees . Habit:
Shrub. Distribution: Kachin, Kayin, Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing . Common Names:
King of bitters, Sega-gyi, Se-khar-gyi
Andrographis tenuiflora T. Anderson . Habit: Herb . Distribution:
Taninthayi
Results of search for 'Barleria' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 8 Mar 2007.
Barleria arnottiana Nees. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Reported from
Myanmar
Barleria cristata L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide. Common Names:
Leik-tha-ywe-pya
Barleria polytricha Wall. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago, Mandalay,
Mon, Sagaing, Taninthayi, Yangon. Common Names: Hnithi-pan, Pyo-ma-naing
Barleria prionitis L. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Kachin,
Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Yangon. Common Names: Leik-su-ywe
Barleria stenophylla Kurz. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Reported from
Myanmar
Barleria strigosa Willd. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Wide
Results of search for 'Hygrophila' in the Checklist of
Plants of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 8 Mar 2007.
Hygrophila auriculata (Schum.) Heine . Cited as: Hygrophila
spinosa T. Anderson . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago . Common Names: Le-padu,
Le-padu, Su-padaung, Su-padaung
Hygrophila difformis (L. f.) Blume . Cited as: Cardanthera
triflora (Roxb. ex Nees) Buch.-Ham. ex Voigt. Habit: Herb.
Distribution: Bago
Hygrophila dimidiata Nees . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Taninthayi
Hygrophila phlomoides Nees . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago,
Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names: Burma linseed, Migyaung-kunbat
Hygrophila phlomoides var. roxburghii C.B. Clarke .
Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago, Mandalay, Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names:
Burma linseed, Mi-gyaung-kun-phut
Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T. Anderson . Habit: Herb .
Distribution: Mon
Hygrophila quadrivalvis Nees . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Taninthayi,
Yangon
Hygrophila salicifolia (Vahl) Nees . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago,
Mandalay, Yangon . Common Names: Laipin-hka
Hygrophila schulii (F. Hamilton) M.R. & S.M. Almeida . Habit: Herb .
Distribution: Shan
Results of search for 'Justicia' in the Checklist of Plants of
Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 10 Mar 2007.
Justicia adhatoda L. Cited as: Adhatoda vasica
Nees . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Wide . Common Names: Hitingra-hpraw,
Htingra-hpraw, Malabar nut tree, Malabar nut tree, Mauk-salum, Mauk-salum,
Maya-gyi, May-gyi, My-yar-gyi, Ye-magyi, Ye-magyi
Justicia alternifolia C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Taninthayi
Justicia andrographioides C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Taninthayi
Justicia argyrostachya T. Anderson . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago,
Kachin, Shan
Justicia atkinsoni T. Anderson . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Bago
Justicia boerhaaviaefolia T. Anderson . Habit: Herb . Distribution:
Mon, Taninthayi .
Justicia brandisii T. Anderson . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago,
Kayin
Justicia burmanica C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Wide
Justicia caloneura Kurz . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Kayin,
Taninthayi
Justicia carnea Lindl. . Cited as: Jacobinia carnea (Lindl.)
Nichols. . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Rakhine, Taninthayi, Yangon
Justicia dasycarpa Kurz . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Bago, Mon,
Taninthayi, Yangon
Justicia decussata Roxb. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Wide .
Common Names: Ma-yar-thein, Nat-pan, Tamase-kyan
Justicia diffusa Willd. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Bago, Kachin,
Magway, Shan, Yangon
Justicia fasciculata Nees . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Bago,
Taninthayi
Justicia flaccida Kurz . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Bago .
Justicia flagelliformis C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Taninthayi
Justicia flava Kurz . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Mon, Taninthayi
Justicia fragilis Wall. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Mon,
Taninthayi
Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Bago, Kachin, Mandalay, Shan, Taninthayi, Yangon . Common Names: Bawanet,
Htingra-hpraw, Pha-wa-net
Justicia grandifolia T. Anderson . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Mon,
Taninthayi
Justicia grossa C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Taninthayi
Justicia helferi C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Taninthayi
Justicia kurzii C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Bago,
Magway
Justicia montana Wall. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Shan
Justicia neurantha Collett & Hemsl. . Habit: Herb . Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar
Justicia patentiflora Hemsl. . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar
Justicia procumbens L. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Chin,
Kachin, Sagaing . Common Names: Phet-ya, Phet-yar
Justicia simplex D. Don . Habit: Herb . Distribution: Chin, Mandalay,
Yangon
Justicia vagans Collett & Hemsl. . Habit: Herb . Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar
Justicia valida Ridl. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Taninthayi
Justicia valida var. glandulosa Ridley . Habit: Shrub .
Distribution: Taninthayi
Justicia vasculosa (Nees) T. Anderson . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Chin, Kayin, Magway, Mon, Sagaing, Taninthayi
Justicia vasculosa var. parishii C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub
. Distribution: Kayin, Mon, Taninthayi, Unknown
Justicia ventricosa Wall. . Habit: Shrub . Distribution: Bago,
Taninthayi
Justicia zollingeriana C.B. Clarke . Habit: Shrub . Distribution:
Taninthayi
Results of search for 'Rhinacanthus' in the Checklist of
Plants of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 30 Jul 2006.
Rhinacanthus calcaratus Nees. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Rakhine
Rhinacanthus communis Nees. Habit: Shrub. Distribution: Bago, Magway,
Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Htaw-labat
Entry format: Botanical name / Family / Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist: LSR : FAO : KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :/ Myanmar-Script Spelling (
Official Myanmar Dictionaries : - TravPo-M-Dict - Myan-Engl-Dict -
Myan-Ortho / Chklist data / Hindi /
Sanskrit / English common name used in Myanmar /
Picture / Plant identification characters /
Distribution in Myanmar / Part used and uses /
Constituents /
End of TIL file
