compiled by U Kyaw Tun, U Pe Than, and staff of TIL. Not for sale.
Family: Dioscoreaceae 5 entries
Dioscorea aculeata
{wak-ka-U.}
- syn. of
Dioscorea esculenta
Dioscorea alata
{myauk-U.}
Dioscorea bulbifera
{hpwut-sa-U.}
Dioscorea cylindrica
{kywι:U.}
Dioscorea esculenta
{wak-ka-U.}
Dioscorea pentaphylla
{kywι:U.}
Dioscorea purpurea
{myauk-U.ni}
Dioscorea sativa
{ka.du-U.}
Dioscorea triphylla
{kywι:U.}
Dioscorea wallichii
{ka.dat}
Dioscorea spp.
Tubers of Nepal |
Wild yam - Dioscorea villosa
UKT: There are about 600 species of yam in the genus Dioscorea, many of them wild species that flourish in damp woodlands and thickets. The following 4 from Nepal had been studies in Japan:
Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea versicolor
Dioscorea deltoidea
Dioscorea triphylla
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Dioscorea aculeata L. -- Synonym of Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill -- www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14174
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 56-1480:
{wak-ka-U.}
Agri.Dept.2000 data: Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea aculeata -- {wak-ka-U.} 56-1480
Chklist: NL
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 3-306:
{wak~ka-U.}
UHM : NL
Burmese-Myanmar orthographical note:
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{wak-ka-U.} - NL - TravPo-M-Dict
{wak-ka-U.} - NL - Myan-Engl-Dict
{wak-ka-U.} - NL - Myan-Ortho
Chklist data :
Dioscorea aculeata -- NL in Chklist
Dioscorea aculeata -- NL in USDA-NRCS
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Karen potato, Lesser yam,
Sadwe-u, Tadwe-u, Wet-ka-u
UKT: Comparing the use of the two names D. aculeata and D. esculenta shows that the second name is more used. As a result I have moved all data under D. aculeata to D. esculenta . See Dioscorea esculenta
www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/listing/
Dioscorea aculeata :
Analysis of numbers of papers/mentions over time: (Agricola database 1970-1996): Common Name(s): birch-rind yam. Crop Use(s): root Reference Source(s): sturtevant Number of Papers/Mentions: 1
Dioscorea esculenta :
Analysis of numbers of papers/mentions over time: (Agricola database 1970-1996): Common Name(s):lesser yam syn Asiatic yam syn potato yam syn igname des blancs syn name de china Crop Use(s):root Reference Source(s): kochhar, rehm Number of Papers/Mentions: 37
Regret: Probationary listed as
{ka.dat} in MMPDB2006-01
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 46-1217:
{myauk-U.}
Chklist: Myauk-u, Taw-myauk-u
FAO :NL
LSR : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 2-477:
{myauk-U.}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{myauk-U.} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 249
{myauk-U.} - n -1 white yam. Dioscorea alata. -- Myan-Engl-Dict 365
Chklist data:
Dioscorea alata L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar. Common Names: Mautinsong, Myauk-u, Taw-myauk-u, White yam
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 46-1217: Yam
Chklist: White yam
FAO :NL
LSR : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 2-477: NG
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader -
www.zjtcm.net/wljx/medicine/kejian2/PART50/PD02.JPG
Photo: left - Climber on a tree -
http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/dioala.html
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Dioscorea alata, L. India (Madras Presidency): cooked tubers eaten. Vernacular names - Tamil: Yams kalung. Telugu: Niluva pendalum. Ref. SHORTT. -- FAO Famine Foods
Constituents :
See Bitterness and Toxicity in Wild Yam (Dioscorea spp.)
----- from: http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/dioala.html -----
Winged Yam (Dioscorea alata) is another non-native, invasive vine in Florida. It is closely related to air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera). Covered with large leaves, it can quickly grow into the tops of tall trees. Winged yam is known to have " disprupted natural-area plant communities, particularly coastal hammocks in south Florida." Fairly large naturalized populations occur in northern Florida.
This member of the yam family (Dioscoreaceae) produces edible underground tubers. (Though most yams contain an acrid component, cooking makes them edible.) The large underground tubers of winged yam can weigh up to 100 pounds. Like air potato, winged yam also produces large numbers of aerial tubers, which are potato-like growths attached to the stems. These grow into new plants. Dioscorea species are cultivated for their edible tubers in West Africa where they are important commodities. Uncultivated forms (as in Florida) however are reported to be bitter and even poisonous. Dioscorea varieties, containing the steroid diosgenin, are a principal material used in the manufacture of birth-control pills. Research has shown that winged yam has antifungal properties.
Winged yam is named after its "winged stem" (wide ridges along the squarish stem). (D. bulbifera has a round stem.) Winged yam has a winter dormant period when the stems die back to the ground. After dormancy, the underground tubers give rise to stems which can quickly grow to 30 feet long. The vine's stem is herbaceous (not woody). The large leaves are up to 8 inches long and are heart-shaped (cordate). The leaf blade's basal lobes are rounded, and its leaf veins radiate from a single point. The leaves have long stems (petioles), and are opposite on the stem. (On D. bulbifera, leaves are alternate on the stem.) Winged yam flowers hang in relatively long clusters (panicles and spikes) up to 1 foot long. The fruit is a 3-part capsule of winged seeds. Winged yam plants produce aerial tubers that are attached closely to the stems where leaves attach to the stem (axil). These aerial tubers are greyish-brown and somewhat irregular with a rough, bumpy surface. In addition to the aerial tubers, edible underground tubers may weigh up to 100 pounds.
For more information and pictures about the winged yam vine, as contained in the Langeland/Burks book, Identification & Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas, download this Acrobat .PDF file.
The UF/IFAS Assessment lists plants according to their invasive status in Florida. View the list here.
Click here to see the herbarium specimen image of the UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA HERBARIUM DIGITAL IMAGING PROJECTS. [UKT: The image, a silhouette, is not downloaded.]
Factoid :
YAMS --
www.foodreference.com/html/fyams.html
True yams may have been cultivated as early as 8,000 B.C. in Asia. What are
frequently called yams, especially in the Southern U.S., are in fact sweet
potatoes. The two are not related, even though they look similar and are
used in pretty much the same way. Despite a physical similarity and a frequent
confusion with their names, yams and sweet potatoes are not even distantly
related. They are in two different botanical families. Yams are actually related
to grasses and lilies.
Estrogens (sex hormones) were first made from a similar compound in
yams. Yams were used commercially to produce hormones for contraceptive pills,
and steroids.
At one time, growing yams to be used in drug production (steroids,
oral contraceptives, sex hormones) was a major industry in Mexico, providing 80%
of the raw material for production of steroidal drugs.
The water yam commonly cultivated in Southeast Asia, grows up to 8
feet long and can weigh over 100 pounds.
One species of yam is used to make a dye in southern China.
Many wild species of yam contain the poisonous dioscorines, but
when peeled and boiled or roasted they are said to be safe to eat. There are
about 600 species of yam, 150 of which are cultivated for food.
Yams can grow to huge sizes, and on the Pacific Island of Ponape,
yams are referred to as 2 man, 4 man, or 6 man yams, depending on how many men
it takes to lift the tuber. Some have been accurately recorded up to 600 pounds
and 6 feet in length.
The annual world production of yams is over 30 million tons.
The yamaimo root or mountain yam, is a Japanese variety of yam,
once reserved only for the Japanese nobility.
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 41-1077:
{hpwut-sa-U.}
Chklist:
Ah-lu-thi, Putsa-u
re-transliteration by UKT:
{a-lu:thi:},
{hpwut-sa-U.}
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
UKT: English transcription usually given is very unreliable even for a bilingual ethnic Burmese like me. Above, is such a case. "Put-sa-u" as given by Chklist can be either
{pat-sa U.} or
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{hpwut-sa U.} -- NL in TravPo-M-Dict
{hpwut-sa U.} -- NL in Myan-Engl-Dict
UKT: {hpwut-sa} by itself means 'monitor lizard', and the word
{hpwut-sa U.} literally means "the underground bulb eaten by monitor lizards".
{pat-sa} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 193
{pat-sa} - n. paste of [cooked] rice kneaded with wood ash used for tuning drums;
tuning dough. -- Myan-Engl-Dict 273
Chklist data :
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Chin, Kachin,
Mandalay, Mon, Sagaing, Shan. Common Names: Aerial yam, Ah-lu-thi, Potato yam, Putsa-u
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 41-1077: NG
Chklist: Aerial yam, Potato yam
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader: http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/diobuldr.jpg
Photo: leaf
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/moorea/monocots.html
Photo: aerial bulb
http://botany.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/dcs420/fa08/fa08071.jpg
Photos: a climbing plant and Aerial bulbil
http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/photosc-f.html
Plant identification characters :
Climbing vine with short, bifurcated tubers with bright blue-purple flesh eaten only in time of famine, leaves alternate, stems glabrous, reddish-green, cylindrical to quadrangular but not winged, producing axillary bulbils, pistillate and staminate flowers borne on different spikes. http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/moorea/monocots.html
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Dioscorea bulbifera, R. Br.; L.; Russ. ex Wall. India (Kumaon region, Western Himalayas): axillary tubers cut into pieces, steeped in water, and boiled prior to eating. Hawaii: aerial bulbs eaten. Handy states these are poisonous but is not familiar with detoxification or preparation techniques. Sturtevant records its use elsewhere, but does not refer to its toxicity. Vernacular names - Hawaiian: Ho. English: Air Potato. (India) Kumaon region, Western Himalayas: Genthi. Ref. BHARGAVA, HANDY, NEAL, STURTEVANT. -- FAO Famine Foods
Constituents :
Dioscorea bulbifera : [one of the four] wild yams ... [eaten after primary treatment by] ... tribal people in Nepal. However, these wild tubers are unpalatable, taste bitter, produce inflammation and show occasional toxicity. ... Bitter components were identified as furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins A and B). ... Nepali wild yam tubers are not toxic varieties, as they do not contain either toxic dioscorine or histamine and cyanogens contents were satisfactorily below the safety limits. The inflammation and occasional toxicity observed could possibly be due to the presence of high level of oxalate in these tubers. Domestic cooking methods were found to be very efficient in removing bitterness, thus making the bitter yams palatable. --- Bhandari and Kawabata, Hokkaido University, Japan www.springerlink.com/
MMPDB:
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: Kyway-u
re-transliteration by UKT:
{kywι:U.}
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{kywι:} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 038.
{kywι:} - n- wild yam. Dioscorea triphylla. -- Myan-Engl-Dict -049
Chklist data:
Dioscorea cylindrica Burm. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Kachin, Mandalay, Mon, Yangon. Common Names: Kyway-u
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: Kyway-u
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader: leaves of D. cirrhosa ; tubers of D. cirrhosa --
http://natureproducts.net/Forest_Products/Succulents/dioscorea_cirrhosa.html
Plant identification characters :
Dioscorea cirrhosa var. cylindrica. 异块茎薯莨 yi kuai jing shu liang . Tubers cylindric; transverse section light brown. Leaf blade broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate or linear, 5--14 Χ 0.6--4 cm. -- Flora of China (FOC) Vol. 24 Page 294 -- www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028096
Distribution in Myanmar :
Distribution elsewhere:
Forests, open scrub forests, mountain slopes, valleys; near sea level to 500 m. Hainan. -- Flora of China (FOC) Vol. 24 Page 294 -- www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028096
Part used and uses :
Constituents :
Dioscorea aculeata L. -- Synonym of Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill
-- www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?14174
-- ecocrop.fao.org/GPPIS.exe$ShowHost?Host=939 Other synonyms:
Dioscorea aculeata Ridley et Naves
Dioscorea papillaris Blanco
Dioscorea tugui Blanco
Dioscorea sativa Blanco
Dioscorea fasciculata Roxb
Dioscorea tiliaefolia Kunth
-- http://202.184.120.7/imr/modules.php?name=Search&op=scientificarticle&info_id=1588&
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 56-1480:
{wak-ka-U.}
Agri.Dept.2000 data: Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea aculeata -- {wak-ka-U.} 56-1480
Chklist: Sadwe-u, Tadwe-u, Wet-ka-u
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 3-306:
{wak~ka-U.}
UHM : NL
Burmese-Myanmar orthographical note:
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{wak-ka-U.} - NL - TravPo-M-Dict
{wak-ka-U.} - NL - Myan-Engl-Dict
{wak-ka-U.} - NL - Myan-Ortho
Chklist data :
Dioscorea aculeata -- NL in Chklist
Dioscorea aculeata -- NL in USDA-NRCS
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Karen potato, Lesser yam,
Sadwe-u, Tadwe-u, Wet-ka-u
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 56-1480: NG
Chklist: Karen potato, Lesser yam
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 3-306: NG
UHM : NL
English common names: fancy yam, potato yam, lesser yam, lesser asiatic yam, igname, inhame de comer, inhame taioba, inhame de enxerto, kawai, ufilei, a - http://ecocrop.fao.org/ECPix/000000/939.gif
Picture :
Leader -
http://ecocrop.fao.org/ECPix/000000/939.gif
Photos: both --
www.ville-ge.ch
Plant identification characters :
甘薯 gan shu . Tubers usually 4--10, produced from apical branches of rhizome; cork light yellow, smooth; thorny roots present or absent. Stem twining to left, with T-shaped, soft hairs, proximally prickly, distally so only at nodes. Leaves alternate, simple; petiole 5--8 cm; leaf blade broadly cordate, to 15 Χ 17 cm, with T-shaped hairs especially abaxially, basal veins 9--13, base cordate, apex acute. Male spike solitary, dense, ca. 15 cm. Male flowers: usually solitary, rarely in cymules of 2--4, sessile or subsessile; bract ovate; perianth shallowly cupular, puberulent, outer lobes broadly lanceolate, ca. 1.8 mm, inner ones slightly shorter than outer; stamens 6, inserted in perianth tube, slightly shorter than perianth lobes. Female spike solitary, pendent, to 40 cm. Capsule very seldom maturing, ca. 3 cm, base truncate, apex slightly emarginate; wings ca. 1.2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. early summer. -- www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028104
Distribution in Myanmar :
Distribution elsewhere:
Cultivated. S Guangxi, Hainan, Taiwan [native to India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Thailand; long cultivated in tropical Asia].
Known to have been cultivated in S China for at least 1700 years. The thornless forms are probably selections from an original, thorny form.
Plants without thorny roots -- var. esculenta
Plants with thorny roots protecting crown of rootstock -- var. spinosa
-- www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028104
Part used and uses :
Dioscorea aculeata, Balb. ex Kunth.; Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; L. India (Kumaon region, Western Himalayas): tubers cut into pieces, steeped in water, and boiled prior to eating. Vernacular name: Man -alu. Ref. BHARGAVA. -- FAO Famine Foods
Constituents :
MMPDB:
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: Kyway-u, Put-sa-u
re-transliteration by UKT:
{kywι:U.};
{hpwat-sa U.}
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
UKT: English transcription usually given is very unreliable even for a bilingual ethnic Burmese like me. Above, is such a case. "Put-sa-u" as given by Chklist can be either
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{kywι:} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 038.
{kywι:} - n- wild yam. Dioscorea triphylla. -- Myan-Engl-Dict -049
{hpwut-sa U.} -- NL in TravPo-M-Dict
{hpwut-sa U.} -- NL in Myan-Engl-Dict
UKT: {hpwut-sa} by itself means 'monitor lizard', and the word
{hpwut-sa U.} literally means "the underground bulb eaten by monitor lizards".
{pat-sa} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 193
{pat-sa} - n. paste of [cooked] rice kneaded with wood ash used for
tuning drums; tuning dough. -- Myan-Engl-Dict 273
Chklist data
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Bago,
Kachin, Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Five-leaved yam, Kyway-u, Put-sa-u
UKT: If the name "Put-sa-u" is
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: Five-leaved yam
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader
www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/600max/html/starr_000919_8001_dioscorea_pentaphylla.htm
Tuber and leaves:
www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/vascular/images/dio_pen_cu.jpg
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Dioscorea pentaphylla, L.; Wall. India (Bombay Presidency): leaves boiled and eaten. The tuber, which contains a toxic element, is dug from the ground. The rind is removed and the tuber is then cut into pieces and boiled. The pieces are then immersed or dipped in a running stream for one night. After leaching, it is again boiled - reportedy five or six times - and then eaten mixed with salt and spices. Other reports indicate the tuber is eaten after leaching overnight in a stream, but without further processing. An alternate process is recorded: the tuber is plunged into water for one night and one day, boiled five or six times, the rind removed, the tuber cut in half and then mixed with salt; (Deccan): leaves and flowers eaten; (Kumaon region, Western Himalayas): tubers cut into pieces, steeped in water, and boiled prior to eating; (Garhwal Himalayas): eaten after repeatedly being boiled, washed and baked. Hawaii: tuber steamed and eaten warm. Vernacular names - India: Bombay Presidency: Chai, Chavi. Baglan, Nasik district, Bombay Presidency: Alshi. Shahada, Khandesh district, Bombay Presidency: Kala kand. Shirpur, Khandesh district, Bombay Presidency: Jaglia che kand. Mandvi, Surat district, Bombay Presidency:Vaj no kand. Halwan, Nasik district, Bombay Presidency: Kadu kand. Kumaon region, Western Himalayas: Taigun,Takuli.. Western Rajasthan: Kanta -Alu. Hawaiian: Pi 'a. Ref. BHARGAVA, GAMMIE, GUPTA; GUPTA & KANODIA, HANDY, NEAL, WATT. -- FAO Famine Foods
Constituents :
{myauk-U.ni}
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 46-1218:
{myauk-U.ni}
Chklist: Myauk u-ni
FAO :NL
LSR : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{myauk-U.} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 249
{myauk-U.} - n -1 white yam. Dioscorea alata. -- Myan-Engl-Dict 365
Chklist data :
Dioscorea purpurea Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Myauk u-ni
Analysis of numbers of papers/mentions over time (Agricola database 1970-1996):Dioscorea purpurea
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 46-1218: Purple yam; red yam
Chklist: NG
FAO :NL
LSR : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein : NL
UHM : NL
Picture :
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Constituents :
{ka.du-U.}
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 : NL
Chklist: Kadu-u, Kauk-yin-nwe, Myauk-u
re-transliteration by UKT:
{ka.du-U.};
{kauk-ring-nwθύ};
{myauk-U.}
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-042:
(
)
{ka.du-U. (kauk-ring-pan:)}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{ka.du-U.} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict 003
{ka.du-U.} - same as
{kauk-ring-pan:} -- Myan-Engl-Dict 003
{kauk-ring-pan:} -
-
TravPo-M-Dict 012
{kauk-ring-pan:} - n. common yam,
Dioscorea sativa -- Myan-Engl-Dict 003
- Myan-Ortho
UKT: Myanmar orthography: The definition of
Chklist data :
Dioscorea sativa L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Kachin,
Rakhine, Shan, Yangon. Common Names: Kadu-u, Kauk-yin-nwe, Myauk-u
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Picture :
Leader - Nagathein
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Constituents :
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 10-0247:
{kywι:U.}
Chklist: Kyawy-u
re-transliteration by UKT:
{kywι:U.}
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-212:
{kywι:U.}
UHM : NL
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{kywι:} -
--
TravPo-M-Dict 038.
{kywι:} - n- wild yam. Dioscorea triphylla. -- Myan-Engl-Dict -049
Chklist data:
Dioscorea daemona Roxb. Cited as: Dioscorea triphylla
Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Bago, Kachin,
Mandalay, Mon, Yangon. Common Names: Kyawy-u
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 10-0247: Wild yam
Chklist: NG
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-212: Strangle cake
UHM : NL
Picture :
Leader - Nagathein
Colored drawing -
www.illustratedgarden.org /
http://digitalis.mobot.org/mrsid/QK98J321781V3/fullsize/QK98J321781V3_0373.jpg
Plant identification characters :
Distribution in Myanmar :
Part used and uses :
Dioscorea triphylla, Blanco.; Buch.-Ham. ex Wall.; L.; Herb.; Schimp. ex Kunth. India (Deccan): tubers eaten. Ref. WATT. -- FAO Famine Foods
Constituents :
Dioscorea triphylla : [one of the four] wild yams ... [eaten after primary treatment by] ... tribal people in Nepal. However, these wild tubers are unpalatable, taste bitter, produce inflammation and show occasional toxicity. ... Bitter components were identified as furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins A and B). ... Nepali wild yam tubers are not toxic varieties, as they do not contain either toxic dioscorine or histamine and cyanogens contents were satisfactorily below the safety limits. The inflammation and occasional toxicity observed could possibly be due to the presence of high level of oxalate in these tubers. Domestic cooking methods were found to be very efficient in removing bitterness, thus making the bitter yams palatable. --- Bhandari and Kawabata, Hokkaido University, Japan www.springerlink.com/
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar
transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 02-0028:
{ka.dat}
Chklist: Kadat, Taw-thinbaw
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-044:
{ka.dat-ping}
UHM :
Myanmar-Script Spelling
Official Myanmar Dictionaries :
{ka.dat}
-- TravPo-M-Dict 003
{ka.dat} - n. species of yam, Dioscorea wallichii -- Myan-Engl-Dict 003
Chklist data :
Dioscorea wallichii Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Rakhine, Yangon. Common Names: Kadat, Taw-thinbaw
Hindi :
Sanskrit :
English common name used in Myanmar :
Agri.Dept.2000 02-0028: Species of yam
Chklist: Kadat, Taw-thinbaw
LSR : NL
FAO : NL
KS-TMN: NL
Nagathein 1-044: Species of yam
UHM : NL
Picture :
Plant identification characters :
盈江薯蓣 ying jiang shu yu . Tubers palmately branched, cylindric. Stem twining to right, stout, glabrous. Leaves opposite or alternate, simple; petiole 4--12 cm; leaf blade orbicular or ovate, 6--18 Χ 6--22 cm, glabrous, basal veins 7--11, base cordate to deeply so with narrow sinus and basal lobes rounded, margin entire, apex acute or shortly acuminate. Male spike 2--5 cm, in delicate, axillary panicles 4--10 cm; rachis straight. Male flowers: bracts triangular-ovate; perianth purplish red dotted, outer lobes elliptic-ovate, inner ones broadly obovate; stamens 6; staminodes large, subglobose. Female spikes simple or branched. Female flowers: perianth lobes fleshy, outer ones ovate, inner ones broadly ovate. Capsule (immature) not reflexed, drying blackish, oblate, 2--2.7 cm, glabrous, base truncate, apex emarginate to truncate; wings 1.7--2 cm wide. Seeds inserted near middle of capsule, winged all round. Fl. Dec. -- Flora of China (FOC), vol. 24, p.294 www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028141
Distribution in Myanmar
Distribution elsewhere:
Forests, mountain slopes; 900--1300 m. W Yunnan (Yingjiang Xian) [Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand]. -- Flora of China (FOC), vol. 24, p.294 www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028141
Part used and uses
Constituents :
Results of search for 'Dioscorea' in the
Checklist of Plants of Myanmar, U.S. National Herbarium, 16 Jul 2006.
Dioscorea alata L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar. Common Names: Mautinsong, Myauk-u, Taw-myauk-u, White yam
Dioscorea atropurpurea Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Malacca yam, Myauk-u-ni, Rangoon yam
Dioscorea birmanica Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Kachin, Mandalay, Mon, Yangon. Common Names: Katcho
Dioscorea brandisii Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea bulbifera L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Chin,
Kachin, Mandalay, Mon, Sagaing, Shan. Common Names: Aerial yam, Ah-lu-thi,
Potato yam, Putsa-u
Dioscorea collettii Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Shan.
Dioscorea crispata Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Bago.
Common Names: Myauk-kya
Dioscorea cylindrica Burm. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Kachin, Mandalay, Mon, Yangon. Common Names: Kyway-u
Dioscorea daemona Roxb. Cited as: Dioscorea triphylla
Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Bago, Kachin,
Mandalay, Mon, Yangon. Common Names: Kyawy-u
Dioscorea daunea Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea decipiens Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Kachin, Shan. Common Names: Thindauk
Dioscorea deflexa Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Yangon
Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Kachin
Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Karen potato, Lesser yam,
Sadwe-u, Tadwe-u, Wet-ka-u
Dioscorea glabra Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Bago,
Taninthayi, Yangon. Common Names: Chinese yam, Myauk-nwe, Tayo-nwe, Wild yam
Dioscorea globosa Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Myauk-nwe, Myauk-phyu.
Dioscorea hamiltonii Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea hemsleyi Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea lepcharum Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea membranacea Pierre ex Craib. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea pentaphylla L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Bago,
Kachin, Mandalay, Yangon. Common Names: Five-leaved yam, Kyway-u, Put-sa-u
Dioscorea prazeri Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Wild yam
Dioscorea puber Blume. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Reported
from Myanmar
Dioscorea purpurea Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar. Common Names: Myauk u-ni
Dioscorea pyrifolia Kunth. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Taninthayi
Dioscorea rangunensis Knuth. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea sativa L. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution: Kachin,
Rakhine, Shan, Yangon. Common Names: Kadu-u, Kauk-yin-nwe, Myauk-u
Dioscorea spinosa Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Mandalay. Common Names: Thadut-ni
Dioscorea tentaculigera Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Mandalay
Dioscorea tomentosa Koenig ex Roxb. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Bago, Mandalay. Common Names: Kyway-pin
Dioscorea trinervia Roxb. ex Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Reported from Myanmar
Dioscorea velutipes Prain & Burkill. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Shan
Dioscorea wallichii Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper.
Distribution: Rakhine, Yangon. Common Names: Kadat, Taw-thinbaw
Dioscorea wightii Hook. f. Habit: Climber/Creeper. Distribution:
Yangon
USDA-NRCS
"DIOSC","Dioscorea L.","yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIAL2","Dioscorea alata L.","water yam","
Dioscoreaceae"
"DIAL3","Dioscorea altissima Lam.",
"dunguey","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIBU","Dioscorea
bulbifera L.","air yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DICA25",
"Dioscorea cayenensis Lam.","yellow guinea yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DICA10","Dioscorea cayennensis Lam. [orthographic error]",
">>Dioscorea cayenensis","Dioscoreaceae"
"DICO15","Dioscorea composita Hemsley","yam","
Dioscoreaceae"
"DICO16","Dioscorea convolvulacea Cham.
& Schldl.","yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"
DIDU2","Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax","bitter yam",
"Dioscoreaceae"
"DIEL2","Dioscorea elephantipes
(L'Her.) Engl.","hottentot-bread","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIES2","Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill","lesser
yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIESE","Dioscorea esculenta
(Lour.) Burkill var. esculenta (Lour.) Burk.","","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIEST","Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill var. tiliaefolia (Kunth) Fosberg
& Sachet","","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIFL5",
"Dioscorea floribunda C. Martius & Galeotti","yam",
"Dioscoreaceae"
"DIFL4","Dioscorea floridana Bartlett",
"Florida yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIVIF","Dioscorea
villosa L. var. floridana (Bartlett) Ahles",">>Dioscorea floridana",
"Dioscoreaceae"
"DIHI7","Dioscorea hispida Dennst.",
"intoxicating yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIJA2","
Dioscorea japonica Thunb.","Japanese yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DILA25","Dioscorea latifolia Benth. [excluded]","","
Dioscoreaceae"
"DIMA15","Dioscorea macrostachya Benth.","
yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DINU4","Dioscorea nummularia Lam.",
"yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIOP","Dioscorea oppositifolia
L.","Chinese yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIBA2","
Dioscorea batatas Dcne.",">>Dioscorea oppositifolia",
"Dioscoreaceae"
"DIPE2","Dioscorea pentaphylla L.",
"fiveleaf yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIPI","Dioscorea
pilosiuscula Bertero ex Spreng.","bulbous yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIPO2","Dioscorea polygonoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.","mata
gallina","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIPR4","Dioscorea praehensilis Benth.
","bush yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIPR5","Dioscorea preussii
Pax","Preuss' dioscorea","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIQU","Dioscorea
quaternata J.F. Gmel.","fourleaf yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIGL3",
"Dioscorea glauca Muhl. ex Bartlett",">>Dioscorea quaternata",
"Dioscoreaceae"
"DIQUG","Dioscorea quaternata J.F. Gmel. var. glauca
(Muhl. ex Bartlett) Fern.",">>Dioscorea quaternata","
Dioscoreaceae"
"DIVIG","Dioscorea villosa L. var. glabrifolia (Bartlett)
Fern.",">>Dioscorea quaternata","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIRO","Dioscorea rotundata Poir.","Guinea yam","
Dioscoreaceae"
"DISA20","Dioscorea sagittata Poir. [excluded]",
"","Dioscoreaceae"
"DISA17","Dioscorea sansibarensis
Pax","Zanzibar yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DISP6","Dioscorea
spiculiflora Hemsley","yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DITR3","
Dioscorea trifida L. f.","Indian yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIVI4",
"Dioscorea villosa L.","wild yam","Dioscoreaceae"
"DIHI",
"Dioscorea hirticaulis Bartlett",">>Dioscorea villosa","
Dioscoreaceae"
"DIVIH","Dioscorea villosa L. var. hirticaulis (Bartlett)
Ahles",">>Dioscorea villosa","Dioscoreaceae"
Agri.Dept.2000
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea aculeata -- {tan°twι:u.} 28-0719
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea aculeata -- {wak-ka-u.} 56-1480
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea alata -- {myauk-u.} 46-1217
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea bulbifera -- {hpwut-sa-u.} 41-1077
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea burmanica -- {kat-cho} 04-0101
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea fasciculata -- {ka.htwι:} {tan°htwι:) 01-0027
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea glabra -- {myauk-nwθύ} 46-1211
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea purpurea -- {myauk-u.ni} 46-1218
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea triphylla -- {kywι:u.} 10-0247
Dioscoreaceae -- Dioscorea wallichii -- {ka.dat} 02-0028
Megh Raj Bhandari and Jun Kawabata
(junk@chem.agr.hokudai.ac.jp)
Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Division of Applied
Bioscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University,
Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
www.springerlink.com/
UKT: The complete paper in PDF format, Bitterness and Toxicity in Wild Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Tubers of Nepal, Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 60: 129135, 2005 sent to me by the authors, is available in TIL library.
Abstract: Wild yams make a significant contribution to diets of tribal people in Nepal. However, these wild tubers are unpalatable, taste bitter, produce inflammation and show occasional toxicity. Four wild yam species, which are eaten after primary treatment by Nepali aborigines, were analyzed for bitter and toxic principles. Bitter components were identified as furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins A and B). Diosbulbins A and B were found in the range of 0.0230.046 and 0.1510.442 g kg−1, respectively. Results demonstrated that diosbulbin B, with an average value of 0.314 g kg−1, was the principal bitter compound as compared to diosbulbin A (0.037 g kg−1). The toxic alkaloid, dioscorine and histamine (an allergen) were not detected in these tubers, whereas cyanogens (as HCN equivalent) content were found ranging from 3.2 to 6.0 ppm. Our results revealed that Nepali wild yam tubers are not toxic varieties, as they do not contain either toxic dioscorine or histamine and cyanogens contents were satisfactorily below the safety limits. The inflammation and occasional toxicity observed could possibly be due to the presence of high level of oxalate in these tubers. Domestic cooking methods were found to be very efficient in removing bitterness, thus making the bitter yams palatable.
UKT: The four wild yams studied are mentioned in the complete paper in PDF format which was kindly sent to me by the authors.
Dioscorea bulbifera
Dioscorea versicolor
Dioscorea deltoidea
Dioscorea triphylla
The following is from: University of Maryland, Medical Center www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsHerbs/Wildyamch.html
Overview: In the 18th and 19th centuries, wild yam
(Dioscorea villosa) was used by herbalists to treat menstrual cramps
and problems related to childbirth. The subsequent discovery of a substance
contained in wild yams revolutionized the pharmaceutical industry. The tubers,
or fleshy, root-like parts, of wild yams (not to be confused with the sweet potato yam)
contain diosgenin, a steroid-like substance that is involved in the production of the
hormone progesterone. Diosgenin has served a key role in the making of hormones and the
development of the birth control pill, two of the major advances in plant drug medicine
this century. Wild yam continues to be used for treating menstrual cramps, nausea and
morning sickness associated with pregnancy, inflammation, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms,
and other health conditions.
Plant Description: Also known as colic root, wild yam is a
twining, tuberous vine native to North America. It is one of an estimated 600
species of yam in the genus Dioscorea, many of them wild species that flourish
in damp woodlands and thickets. Wild yam is a perennial, twining vine with pale
brown, knotty, woody cylindrical rootstocks, or tubers. The rootstocks are
crooked, and bear horizontal branches of long creeping runners. The thin
reddish-brown stems grow to a length of over 30 feet. The roots initially taste
starchy, but soon after taste bitter and acrid.
The wild yam plant has clusters of small, drooping greenish-white
and greenish-yellow flowers. The heart-shaped leaves are long and broad and
long-stemmed, with prominent veins. The upper surface of the leaves is smooth
while the underside is downy.
Part used: The dried root, or rhizome, is used in commercial
preparations
Medicinal Uses and Indications - General: Early Americans
used wild yam to treat colic; hence, the term colic root. Traditionally, it has
been used to treat inflammation, muscle spasms and a range of disorders
including asthma. Related species of Dioscorea are used in the Amazon and in
central America to treat conditions including fever, urinary tract infections,
colds, rheumatism (joint and muscle related conditions), arthritis, hemorrhoids,
boils, and dysentery.
Menopause and Osteoporosis: While the diosgenin found in wild yam created
quite a stir in the 1990s as a cure for menopausal disorders and other symptoms
of aging in women, the plant itself has no proven hormonal action, nor have any
studies shown it to be effective in treating hormone related disorders. It is
true that diosgenin can be converted into steroidal compounds, which are then
used in the chemical synthesis of progesterone, but this is in the
laboratorynot in the human body. There is essentially no scientific evidence of
wild yam's effectiveness in treating menopausal symptoms or osteoporosis.
Although many individuals claim relief of symptoms such as vaginal dryness with
the use of progesterone creams, some of which contain an extract of Dioscorea
villosa, no well-designed studies have evaluated these creams. Moreover,
many products that claim to contain natural progesterone actually contain
synthetic medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA).
Available Forms: Wild yam is available as liquid extract and powdered
tuber products. The powdered form may be purchased in capsules or compressed
tablets. The fluid extract can be made into tea.
Dosage - Pediatric: It is unclear whether wild yam is safe in children;
therefore, use should be specifically directed by a knowledgeable healthcare
practitioner and limited to one week.
Dosage - Adult: The following are recommended adult doses for wild yam:
Dried herb to make tea: 1 to 2 tsp dried root to 1 cup water. Pour boiling
water over dried root, steep 3 to 5 minutes. Drink three times a day
Tincture: 40 to 120 drops, three times a day
Fluid extract: 10 to 40 drops, three to four times per day
Precautions: The use of herbs is a time-honored approach to
strengthening the body and treating disease. Herbs, however, contain active
substances that can trigger side effects and interact with other herbs,
supplements, or medications. For these reasons, herbs should be taken with care,
under the supervision of a practitioner knowledgeable in the field of botanical
medicine. Because wild yam contains dioscorin, a substance that can be toxic, it
is particularly important to stay within the recommended dosages.
If you are currently being treated with any of the following
medications, you should not use wild yam without first talking to your
healthcare provider.
Estradiol: An animal study indicated that the active
component of wild yam, diosgenin, may interact with estradiol, a hormone that
occurs naturally in the body and that is also used in some birth control
medications and certain hormone replacement therapies.
Entry format: Botanical name / Family /
Ref. Burmese-Myanmar transcripts
Agri.Dept.2000 :
Chklist:
LSR :
FAO :
KS-TMN:
Nagathein :
UHM :/ Myanmar-Script Spelling
(Official Myanmar Dictionaries : - TravPo-M-Dict - Myan-Engl-Dict - Myan-Ortho/
Chklist data /
Hindi /
Sanskrit /
English common name used in Myanmar /
Picture /
Plant identification characters /
Distribution in Myanmar /
Part used and uses /
Constituents /
End of TIL file
