TIL

A History of English Language Teaching

n-Howatt-indx.htm

A. P. R. Howatt. Oxford University Press. Content and graphics Copyright Oxford University Press. 1984, 2001. All Rights Reserved. www.oup.com/elt and printed book. In four parts. This book traces the history of English language teaching right up to the origins of the communicative approach, ending with a discussion of the impact of applied linguistics on language teaching in both America and Britain. ISBN 0-19-437075-5

Scanned from the printed book and edited by U Kyaw Tun, M.S. (I.P.S.T., U.S.A.). Not for sale. Prepared for staff and students of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR

UKT:
• The presentation is from two sources:
   1. www.oup.com/elt (Preface and 01. The early years from ISBN 0-19-437075-5 copyright: 2001. )
   2. scanning from the printed book (ISBN 0-19-437075-5 copyright: 1984.)
     The downloaded material did have page numbers. The page numbers in the downloaded portions
   are from the printed book. I have also put in the section numbers and the reference numbers to facilitate hyperlinks.
• The original book is in the TIL library. Though I haven't changed the text, the section captions have been slightly changed dropping the articles to make the captions more suitable for hyper-links .
• The font used for my work is Arial Unicode MS. The Burmese-Myanmar characters are in gif-glyphs and you'll not need any special font.
• The reader is advised to take my notes as my view at the time of the study which may change as the study progresses. For explanations in Burmese-Myanmar I have used Romabama {rau:ma.ba.ma} which can be looked upon as Burmese-Latin.
• [{...}] -- indicates my short insertions in the body of the text.
• ¶UKT -- indicates a paragraph break inserted by me to make reading easier.
• Captions for tables and figures: by UKT from Howatt, Hist. of Engl. Lang. 2001

Howatt-indx
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Contents of this page

Contents of this page
¤ Table of Contents, detail - on this page (note to myself - do not delete; the book may have to be divided into 4 separate parts with separate indexes. )
00. Preface - n-ch00.htm
Part One: Practical language teaching to 1800
01. The Early Years - n-ch01.htm
02. 'Refugiate in a strange country': the refugee language teachers in Elizabethan London
03. Towards 'The great and common world'
04. Guy Miege and the second Huguenot exile
05. The spread of English language teaching in Europe - n-ch05.htm
Part Two: On 'fixing' the language
06. Introduction
07. Two proposals for orthographical reform in the sixteenth century:
07.01. The work of John Hart, Chester Herald
07.02. Richard Mulcaster's Elementarie
08. Early pedagogical grammars of English for foreign learners:
08.01. Ben Jonson's English Grammar
08.02. John Wallis's Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae
09. 'Things, words, and notions'
10. The language 'fixed':
10.01. Latin Schools and English Schools
10.02. Swift's Proposal for a British Academy
10.03. Towards Standard English
Part Three  Language teaching in the nineteenth century
      Overview-1
11. The grammar-translation method.
11.01. Introduction
11.02. The grammar-translation method and the schools: some Anglo-German contrasts
11.03. The grammar-translation method and adult language teaching: the 'practical approach' of Ahn
     Notes.11.
12. Individual reformers:
12.01. Overview
12.02. 'All is in all': Jean Joseph Jacotot
12.03. The Rational Method of Claude Marcel
12.04. Thomas Prendergast's 'Mastery System'
12.05. François Gouin and the 'Series'
     Notes.12
13. The Reform Movement:
13.01. Introduction
13.02. The principles of reform
13.03. The Klinghardt experiment
13.04. The role of phonetics
13.05.  The work of Henry Sweet: an applied linguistic approach
14. Natural methods of language teaching from Montaigne to Berlitz
Part Four: The making of a profession
  SECTION 1 Overview of English language teaching since 1900
  SECTION 2 Essays in the history of English language teaching since1900
19. Epilogue:
     On rational and natural approaches to language teaching
20. A chronology of English language teaching
21. Biographical notes
     Notes.21

UKT notes

Contents of this page

Table of Contents, detail

Contents
     List of illustrations
     Acknowledgements
     Note on spelling

00. Preface

Part One: Practical language teaching to 1800

01. The Early Years
     Notes.01

02. 'Refugiate in a strange country': the refugee language teachers in Elizabethan London

03. Towards 'The great and common world'

04. Guy Miege and the second Huguenot exile

05. The spread of English language teaching in Europe

Part Two: On 'fixing' the language

06. Introduction

07. Two proposals for orthographical reform in the sixteenth century:
07.01. The work of John Hart, Chester Herald
07.02. Richard Mulcaster's Elementarie

08. Early pedagogical grammars of English for foreign learners:
08.01. Ben Jonson's English Grammar
08.02. John Wallis's Grammatica Linguae Anglicanae

09. 'Things, words, and notions'

10. The language 'fixed':
10.01. Latin Schools and English Schools
10.02. Swift's Proposal for a British Academy
10.03. Towards Standard English

Part Three  Language teaching in the nineteenth century
      Overview-1

11. The grammar-translation method.
11.01. Introduction
11.02. The grammar-translation method and the schools: some Anglo-German contrasts
11.03. The grammar-translation method and adult language teaching: the 'practical approach' of Ahn
     Notes.11.

12. Individual reformers:
12.01. Overview
12.02. 'All is in all': Jean Joseph Jacotot
12.03. The Rational Method of Claude Marcel
12.04. Thomas Prendergast's 'Mastery System'
12.05. François Gouin and the 'Series'
     Notes.12

13. The Reform Movement:
13.01. Introduction
13.02. The principles of reform
13.03. The Klinghardt experiment
13.04. The role of phonetics
13.05.  The work of Henry Sweet: an applied linguistic approach

14. Natural methods of language teaching from Montaigne to Berlitz

Part Four: The making of a profession

SECTION 1 Overview of English language teaching since! 1900

15. The teaching of English as a foreign or second language since1900: a survey:
15.01. Laying the foundations (1900-1922)
15.02. Research and development (1922-1939)
15.03. Consolidation (1945-1960)
15.04. Change and variation since 1960

SECTION 2 Essays in the history of English language teaching since1900

16. Harold E Palmer:
16.01. Palmers life and work
16.02. Palmers methodology
     Notes.16.

17. Choosing the right words:
17.01. Michael West and the New Method
17.02. The Basic issue
17.03. Carnegie and after
     Notes.17.

18. Old patterns and new directions:
18.01. A S Hornby and the post-war consensus
18.02. The impact of applied linguistics
18.03. The notion of communication
     Notes.18.

19. Epilogue:
     On rational and natural approaches to language teaching

20. A chronology of English language teaching

21. Biographical notes
     Notes.21

UKT additions
21.64. SKINNER, Burrhus Frederic 1904-1990
21.65. JONES, Sir William 1746-1794

22. Appendix:
     'Language teaching must start afresh!' A translation of Wilhelm Vietor's Der Sprachunterricht IT

23. Bibliography

24. Index

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Content and graphics Copyright Oxford University Press. 2001. All Rights Reserved.

00. Preface

The history of English teaching is a vast subject, and this is a relatively short book which of necessity has had to adopt a specific and therefore limited perspective. The spread of English round the world in the wake of trade, empire-building, migration, and settlement has ensured the teaching of the language a role, sometimes central, sometimes peripheral, in the educational history of virtually every country on earth. The European focus of this book is, therefore, only a small part of the history of the subject, hence the indefinite article in the title. From time to time, the narrative touches on events and their consequences outside its immediate concern, but it can do so only briefly, since they reflect cultural and educational patterns that require to be explored in their own time and context.

The reader will also notice that, in the earlier sections of the book in particular, some of the familiar dividing lines between modern specialisms have been deliberately blurred. The teaching of languages other than English, for example, has been treated in some detail. The bilingual, or in some cases multilingual, format of language teaching manuals was a standard procedure for a long time and it was also common for such books to 'work both ways', teaching French to English speakers, for instance, and vice versa. More generally, however, it would be wrong in principle, I believe, to divorce English language teaching from its broader educational and intellectual context.

Another contemporary distinction that cannot be projected back into the past too uncritically is the separation of English 'as a mother tongue' from English 'as a foreign language', and the present book places considerable emphasis on the relationship between the teaching of English, whether to native or non-native audiences, and the need to develop linguistic descriptions which reflect the generally agreed norms of the standard language. The phoneticians and spelling reformers of the late sixteenth century, for example, addressed their proposals as much to the foreign learner as to the native, and many of the early grammars, such as Wallis's Grammatica, which eventually became major sources for the influential eighteenth-century mother-tongue grammars, were originally intended for non-native students of the language.

It is really only in the present century that we can begin to discern a separate identity for English as a foreign language which derives in part from the 'applied linguistic' principles of the late nineteenth-century [{p-roman14begin}] Reform Movement, and in part also from its relative freedom from restrictions imposed by the demands of secondary school curricula and examination systems.

It is not part of the purpose of this book to explore any specific theme of historical development. It will serve, I hope, as a source book as much as anything else. Nevertheless, if there is a latent point of view beneath the surface, it is a belief that progress in the teaching of languages, as in many practical arts, is neither a function solely of the application of theoretical principle, however persuasive, nor of an unthinking reaction to the demands of the immediate market, but of the alchemy which, whether by accident or by design, unites them to a common purpose.

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A.P.R. Howatt

Senior Lecturer, is a graduate of Edinburgh University. After leaving university he taught English as a foreign language in Cartagena, Spain, and in Cologne, Germany, returning to Edinburgh in the early 1960s to study for the Diploma in Applied Linguistics.
     After a period in Sweden, he returned once more to Edinburgh to take up an appointment in the Department of Applied Linguistics. He was Head of Department from 1990 to 1993.
     He has published A History of English Language Teaching with Oxford University Press.
His current research interests include the history of language in education with particular reference to Scotland.
-- www.oup.com (download 011228)

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U Kyaw Tun first became an educator as an assistant lecturer in Chemistry in the Department of Chemistry, University of Rangoon in 1955. In that capacity he lectured to the first year Science students at Yankin College campus. The following year saw him lecturing the third year Science students (those taking Chemistry) at the main campus in addition to the first year Science students at Yankin College campus. He served for 33 years in various universities and colleges throughout Myanmar: Rangoon University, Rangoon Institute of Technology, Mandalay University, Bassein College, Workers’ College and Taunggyi College. His last posting from which he retired was Associate Professor and Head of Department of Chemistry, Taunggyi Degree College.

Though trained as a scientist and engineer, U Kyaw Tun has a keen interest in the culture, history, religion and mythology of various peoples of the world. His knowledge of several languages: Myanmar, English, French, Pali, Swedish and German has helped him in his cultural studies. He has an extensive knowledge of Hindu astrology, specializing the Ashtakavarga system.

U Kyaw Tun was a part-time columnist writing for the Working Peoples’ Daily in Myanmar and was as member on the editorial board of the North Renfrew Times in Canada. He has given several public lectures in Canada on Buddhism particularly to scientists and engineers, and to non-Buddhists.

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UKT notes
and references

• AHTD. American Heritage Talking Dictionary.

Reference (non-Myanmar sources) used for development of Romabama

• ANTIM: www.antimoon.com
• Childers, R.C. Dictionary of Pali Language, R. C. Childers, 1909. Reprint for Research Purposes only by U Hla Maung, Buddha Sasana Council, Myanmar, 1974
• DJPD16 (Daniel Jones Pronouncing Dictionary, 16 ed. -- Scanned from printed book

Please also note that I have to identify every phonemic or phonetic symbol including the diacritical marks given in the original book. The task is not easy since the print was quite small. The symbols you are finding in this digitized version are in Unicode font, and the reader should note that I could have made mistakes in the reproduction. I have included the Unicode number for future checking and editing.
     As an example: the entry for the word <cradle> is given as /kreɪ.dl/ in DJPD16. The lower case "l" has a diacritical mark below. In the small print it looks like a "combining vertical line below" (U0329). It certainly is not a "combining cedilla" (U0327). However, when I reproduced it using Arial Unicode MS font, the diacritical mark became shifted with U0329 but not with U0327: [ l̩ ] and [ ļ ]. Suspecting that what DJPD16 has given might be a cedilla, I searched the Internet using Google with the search string "cedilla in pronunciation". One of the results was http://www.chlewey.org/cs/as-en.html . The website gave the example of <cradle> where it was stated that "l" was "l cedilla" with Unicode x13C. Looking into the XP character map shows that x13C is U013C which gives [ ļ ]. Though I haven't yet made up my mind, as a temporary measure I will take what DJPD16 has given as U013C.
     One remark must be made about brackets:
• Angle brackets < >.In the printed book a word being referred to is generally within inverted commas. However, in this digitized version, the inverted commas have been replaced with angle brackets < >.
• Square brackets [ ]. In the original printed version square brackets [ ] were used to indicate the phonetic transcription. In this digitized version I have retained the original square brackets, but had introduced more square brackets to highlight single letters and digraphs. Though this practice has been discontinued, you might still find left-overs [ ] around letters and digraphs. Since these are all of English origin, I am now (080215) using < >.
• You might find some « », which are being introduced but not in any well defined manner. I am thinking of using them to highlight letters in some places of <  >.

• Element-Pali, An Elementary Pali Course, by Ven. Narada Thera, Buddha Dhamma Association, Inc. (Sri Lanka)  www.buddhanet.net
• PTK (Phonemic Transcription Key)  www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/index.html
• PTS Pali Text Soc. Pali-English Dictionary, ed. Rhys Davids and W. Stede, Pali Text Soc., reprint 1999 (1st publ. 1921-1925)
• SAMPA (Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet) www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/home.htm
• Unicode Standard, Version 4.0, Unicode Consortium,
   Chapter 9, http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch9.pdf
   Chapter 10, http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode4.0.0/ch10.pdf
• Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia

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References from Myanmar sources used for development of Romabama

01. Myanmar Orthography (MOrtho),
    U Tun Tint editor, Myanmar Language Commission (MLC), 1986, pp292
    (Note: MLC has been renamed several times.)
02. Myanmar English Dictionary (MEDict)
    by MLC, 1993, pp 635
03. Travelling Pocket Myanmar Dictionary (MMDict )
   Burmese-Myanmar to Burmese-Myanmar)  by MLC, 1999, pp 401.
04. {pa-Li. a.Bi.Daan-hkyoap} (PMDict - Compendium Pali Dictionary),
   by {lèý-ti-paN~Ði.ta.} U Maung Gyi, Rangoon, 1966, pp.524 - in Burmese-Myanmar
05. U Tun Tint - editor (retd.), MLC - personal communication.
06. Myanmar Thudda, volumes 1 to 5 (in Burmese), Text-book Committee,
   Basic Education, Ministry of Education, Myanmar, ca. 1986
07. "Pali Lessons" Module {a.ra.}-111{ka.}, (in Burmese) Univ. of Distance Education, 1999.
08. "Pali Lessons" Module {a.ra.}-1001 Pali grammar, (in Burmese)
   Yangon Univ. of Distance Education, 2003
09. The Glass Palace Chronicles, written in 1819 to 1837), republished by Ministry of Information, Myanmar Government, 4th reprint in Burmese-Myanmar, in 3 volumes.

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End of TIL file