Update: 2011-12-31 11:36 PM +0630
informH-M.htm
Daniel Jones. Edited by Peter Roach, James Hartman and Jane Setter. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Scanned by Maung Kan Tun and edited by U Kyaw Tun, M.S. (I.P.S.T., U.S.A.). Not for sale. Prepared for students of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR .
Information panels H to M
• Haplology |
32. Homographs
• Homonym
• Homophone |
33. Intonation |
34. Labiodental |
35. Larynx
|
36. Lateral |
37. Latin words and phrases |
38. Lax |
39. Length |
Length mark |
40. Lenis
|
41. Liaison |
42. Monophthong |
From AHTD
n. 1. The loss of one of two identical or similar adjacent syllables in a word, as in Latin n ūtrīx , “ nurse,” from earlier ·n ūtrītrīx . [Greek haplos , haplous single, simple; See haploid -logy ]
Excerpt rom Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplology 111215
Haplology is defined as the elimination of a syllable when two consecutive identical or similar syllables occur. The phenomenon was identified by American philologist Maurice Bloomfield in the 20th century.[1]. Linguists sometimes jokingly refer to the phenomenon as "haplogy" (subjecting the word "haplology" to haplology). Examples:
¤ Engla land > England [1]
¤ morpho phonology > morphonology
Wiki ref [1]. "Merriam-Webster's Word of the Day for February 06, 2008". Merriam-Webster Online.
p257. When two lexical items have the same form in spelling, these are known as homographs. Homographs can be pronounced the same as or different to each other.
Examples
Here are some examples of homographs with the same pronunciation:
‣ <bank> /bæŋk/
(e.g. financial institution; area of ground by a river)
‣<well> /wel/
(e.g. source of water; healthy; adv.)
Other homographs differ in their pronunciation, but usually only in the vowel sound used, e.g.:
‣<bow>
-- (e.g. s slip knot with a double loop
/bəʊ/ (us) /boʊ/
-- (e.g. incline the head or trunk; submit)/baʊ/
‣<dove>
-- (pigeon) /dʌv/
-- (past tense of <dive>)
/dəʊv/ (us) /doʊv/
Homographs also appear in noun/verb, noun/adjective and verb/adjective pairs. The difference in pronunciation indicates which part of speech is being used, e.g.:
<insert> (n.) /ˈɪn.sɜːt/ (US) /-sɝːt/
(v.) /ˈɪnˈsɜːt/ (US) /-ˈsɝːt/
<deliberate> (adj.) /dɪˈlɪb.ər.ət/
(v.) /dɪˈlɪb.ər.əɪt/ (US) /ˈ-ə.reɪt/
<arithmetic>(n.) /əˈrɪθ.mə.tɪk/
(adj.) /ˌær.ɪθˈmet.ɪk/ (US) /ˌer.ɪθˈmet̬-/
Pronunciation tip
In most cases it is necessary to check the pronunciation of a word individually, as the correct realization is not obvious from the form of the word. However, some rules are available. For example, the pronunciation of word pairs ending with -ate is predictable depending on the part of speech. In two syllable words where the stress moves to show the difference between a noun and a verb (e.g. <insert>, <export>), the noun is almost always stressed on the first syllable and the verb on the second.
UKT: SeeSTRESS.
from: AHTD
n. 1. One of two or more words that have the same sound and
often the same spelling but differ in meaning.
2. a. A word that is used to designate several different things. b. A
namesake.
3. Biology A taxonomic name that is identical to one previously
applied to a different species or genus and that therefore is unacceptable in
its new use.
from: http://www.bifroest.demon.co.uk/misc/homophones.html
English (especially British English) is not spelt phonetically. Two words can share none, any or all of Spelling, Pronunciation and Meaning. All languages have synonyms (words with unrelated spelling and pronunciation but the same meaning) and words with multiple meanings. However English has an exceptional disparity between spelling and pronunciation.
The possible combinations or some but all characteristics being the same are
as follows:-
• Homonym -- same spelling: different pronunciation, different meaning
• Homophone -- same pronunciation: different spelling, different meaning
• Synonym -- same meaning: different spelling, different pronunciation
etc.
This page is about homophones. Words with different meanings and spellings, but the same (UK) pronunciation.
With the generous help of various contributors, the author of the webpage has now collected 441 homophones. This is 396 pairs, 40 triples and 5 quadruples. That is 546 pairs of homophone words.
UKT: Some homophones (in IPA from DJPD16) that would be interest to Myanmars:
<aye>,<eye>,<I> -- /aɪ/-- DJPD16-044, 194, 265
<boy>,<buoy> -- /bɔɪ/-- DJPD16-068 , 074
<for>, -- /fɔːʳ/ /fɔːr/ /fəʳ/ /fɚ/ -- DJPD16-210
<fore>, -- /fɔːʳ/ /fɔːr/-- DJPD16-210
<four>, -- /fɔːʳ/ /fɔːr/ -- DJPD16-213<hi>, <high> -- /haɪ/ -- DJPD16-252, 253
<lea>, <lee> --/liː/ -- DJPD16-310, 311
<lead>, <led> --/liːd/ -- DJPD16-310, 311
<nay>, <neigh> -- /neɪ/ -- DJPD16-361, 362
<none>, <nun> -- /nəʊn/ /noʊn/ /nʌn/ -- DJPD16- 369, 372
<rain>, <reign>, <rein> -- /reɪn/ -- DJPD16-443, 451,
<saw>, <soar>, <sore> -- /sɔː/ /saː/ /sɔːʳ/ /sɔːr/ -- DJPD16-472, 495, 498,
<sew>, <so>, <sow> --/səʊ/ /soʊ/ /saʊ/-- DJPD16-483, 495, 499
<sweet>, <suite> -- /swiːt/ /t ̬ɚ/ -- DJPD16-520, 516
<toad>, <toed>, <towed> -- /təʊd/ /toʊd/ --DJPD16-539
<ware>, <wear>, <where> -- /weəʳ/ /wer/
<watt>, <what> --
<while>, <wile> --
<white>, <wight> --
p284. The use of the pitch of the voice to convey linguistic information. The word is used with two rather different meanings. In a restricted sense, it is the variations in the pitch of a speaker's voice used to convey or alter meaning. In a broader and more popular sense, intonation is equivalent to 'prosody', where variations in such things as voice quality, tempo and loudness are included.
Examples for English
Intonation is said to convey emotions and attitudes. Other linguistic functions have been claimed: interesting relationships exist in English between intonation and grammar, for example. In a few extreme cases a perceived difference in grammatical meaning may depend on the pitch movement, e.g.:
‣<she didn't go because of her˅timetable>
(meaning 'she did go, but it was not because of her timetable')
(UKT: notice the intonation mark U02C5)
‣<she didn't go
because of herˋtimetable>
(meaning 'she didn't go, the reason being her timetable').
(UKT: notice the intonation mark U02CB)
Other 'meanings' of intonation include things like the difference between statement and question, e.g.:
‣<it wasˋcold>
(meaning "it was cold")
(UKT: notice U02CB - modifier letter grave accent)
‣<it wasˊcold> (U02CA)
(meaning "was it cold?)
(UKT: notice U02CA - modifier letter acute accent)
the contrast between 'open' and 'closed' lists, e.g.:
‣<would you like ˊwine, ˊsherry or ˊbeer>
('open', implying other things are also on offer)
‣
<would you like ˊwine, ˊsherry orˋ beer>
('closed', implying no further choices are available)
and the indication of whether a relative clause is restrictive or non-restrictive, e.g.:
‣<the students who wereˇnervousˋ failed>
(restrictive relative clause: only students who were nervous failed)
‣ <the˅students, who wereˇnervous,ˋ failed>
(non-restrictive relative clause: all students were nervous and all failed)
Another approach to intonation is to concentrate on its role in conversational discourse: this involves such aspects as indicating whether the particular thing being said constitutes new information or old, the regulation of turn-taking in conversation, the establishment of dominance and the elicitation of co-operative responses. As with the signalling of attitude, it seems that though analysts concentrate on pitch movements there are many other prosodic factors being used to create these effects.
p305. A consonant articulated with contact between the lips and the teeth.
Examples for English
By far the most common type of labiodental articulation is one where the lower surface of the lower lip touches the upper front teeth, as in fricative [f](voiceless) and [v] (voiced); these two occur in English, e.g.:
<fine> /faɪn/ <safe> /seɪf/
<vine> /vaɪn/ <save> /seɪv/
The fricative noise made by the /f/ and /v/ is very weak. In final position, as /f/ is FORTIS and /v/ is LENIS, 'pre-fortis clipping' of the vowel occurs. This has the effect of shortening the vowel in <safe>, making it much shorter than the one in <save>.
p307. The larynx is located in the throat and its main biological function is to act as a valve that can stop air entering or escaping from the lumps and also (usually) prevents food and other solids from entering the lungs. It consists of a rigid framework or box made of cartilage and, inside, the vocal folds, which are two small lumps of muscular tissue like a very small pair of lips with the division between them (the 'glottis') running from front to back of the throat. There is a complex set of muscles inside the larynx that can open and close the vocal folds as well as changing their length and tension.
In speech the larynx has many important functions including the following:
1. the distinction between voiced and voiceless sounds
2. the control of pitch
3. the production of the glottal fricative [h]and the glottal stop [ʔ]
4. producing variation in voice quality.
p308. A lateral consonant consonant is one where there is obstruction to the passage of air in the centere (mid-line) of the air-passage and the air flows to the side of the obstruction.
Examples for English
In English the /l/phoneme is lateral both in its "clear" and its "dark" allophones (see CLEAR L and DARK L); the blade of the tongue is in contact with the alveolar ridge as for /t d n/but the sides of the tongue are lowered to allow the passage of air, e.g.:
<lip> /lɪp/ <pill> /pɪl/
When an alveolar plosive precedes a lateral consonant in English it is usual for it to have a 'lateral release'. This means that to go from /t/or /d/to /l/ we simply lower the sides of the tongue to release the compressed air, rather than lowering and then raising the tongue blade. A syllabic /l/is the usual result of this in word final position (see SYLLABIC CONSONANT), e.g.:
<bottle> /ˈbɒt.l̩/ <puddle> /ˈpʌd.l̩/
Most laterals are produced with the air passage to both sides of the obstruction (they are 'bilateral'}, but sometimes we find air passing to one side only ('unilateral').
In other languages
Other lateral consonants are found in other languages; the Welsh <ll> sound is a voiceless lateral fricative [ɬ](U026C)
UKT: Burmese-Myanmar
{hla.}, and Xhosa and Zulu have a voiced lateral fricative [ɮ](U026E). Several South African languages have lateral clicks (where the plosive occlusion is released laterally) and at least one language (of Papua New Guinea) has a contrast between alveolar and lateral.
p309. Words, names and phrases from Latin have entered the English language at
many different times. Some words and names are in relatively common use and have
been completely anglicised, while others are used in particular types of discourse
which to some extent determine their pronunciation. The pronunciation used by academic
scholars of Latin has tended to be based on a reconstruction of what was supposed to be
the pronunciation in Roman time. Ecclesiastical Latin, previously used in the Roman
Catholic church and closely similar to the pronunciation of Italian, has largely
disappeared, but phrases such as Gloria in excelsis or Humanae Vitae
are still heard. Legal Latin is also now much less widely used used than it used
to be, but some phrases survive, such as habeas copus, ultra vires
(usual pronunciation
/ˌheɪ.bi.əsˈkɔː.pəs/
(us) /-ˈkɔːr-/ and
/ˌʌl.trəˈvaɪə.
riːz/ /ˌʊl.trɑːˈvɪə.reɪz/ (us) /ˌʌl.
trəˈvaɪ.riːz/). Most of the Latin words, phrases and names in
this dictionary are ones that have been fully anglicized, but there is no set of rules
to determine exactly how this is done.
Examples:
Words, e.g.:
<accidia> /ækˈsɪd.i.ə/ <flamen> /ˈfleɪ.men/
<vale> /ˈvɑː.leɪ/ (US) /ˈveɪ.li/
/ˈveɪ.li/ /ˈvɑː.leɪ/
/ˈvæl.eɪ/
| Words, e.g.: | ||||||
| <accidia> | /ækˈsɪd.i.ə/ | <flamen> | /ˈfleɪ.men/ | |||
| <vale> | /ˈvɑː.leɪ/ /ˈveɪ.li/ /ˈvæl.eɪ/ |
(us) | /ˈveɪ.li/ /ˈvɑː.leɪ/ |
|||
Names,e.g.:
<Aeneas> /ˈiː.ni.əs/
/iːˈ.niː-/ /-æs/
<Flaminius> /fləˈmɪn.i.əs/ (US) /fləˈmɪn-/
/flæmˈɪn-/ (US) /fləˈmɪn-/
| Names,e.g.: | |||||||
| <Aeneas> | /ˈiː.ni.əs/ /iːˈ.niː-/ /-æs/ |
<Flaminius> | /fləˈmɪn.i.əs/ /flæmˈɪn-/ |
(us) | /fləˈmɪn-/ | ||
<ad hoc> /ˌædˈhɒk/ (US) /-ˈhɑːk/
/-ˈhəʊk/ /-ˈhoʊk/
<ex voto> /ˌeksˈvəʊ.təʊ/ (US) /-ˈvoʊ.t̬oʊ/
<flagrante delicto> /fləˌgræn.teɪ.dɪˈlɪk.təʊ/ (US) /fləˌgræn.ti.diːˈlɪk.toʊ/
/flægˌræn-/ /-ti-/ /-dəˈ-/ /-deɪˈ-/ /fləˌgræn.ti.diːˈlɪk.toʊ/
| <ad hoc> | /ˌædˈhɒk/ /-ˈhəʊk/ |
(us) | /-ˈhɑːk/ /-ˈhoʊk/ |
||
| <ex voto> | /ˌeksˈvəʊ.təʊ/ | (us) | /-ˈvoʊ.t̬oʊ/ | ||
| <flagrante delicto> | /fləˌgræn.teɪ.dɪˈlɪk.təʊ/ /flægˌræn-/ /-ti-/ /-dəˈ-/ /-deɪˈ-/ |
(us) | /fləˌgræn.ti.diːˈlɪk.toʊ/ |
p310. A lax sound is produced with relatively little articulatory energy. Since there is no established standard for measuring articulatory energy, this concept has meaning if it is used relative to some other sounds that are felt to be articulated with a comparatively greater amount of energy (i.e. tense).
Examples for English
It is mainly American phonologists who use the terms lax and tense in describing English vowels; the short vowels /ɪ e æ ʌ ɒ ʊ ə/ are classed as lax, while what are referred to in our description of BBC pronunciation as the long vowels and the diphthongs are tense. The terms can also be used of consonants as equivalent to FORTIS (tense) and LENIS (lax), though this is not commonly done in present-day descriptions.
p.313. A term used in phonetics to refer to a subjective impression of how much time a sound takes; it is distinct from physically measurable 'duration'. Usually, however, the term is used as synonymous with duration.
Examples for English
Length is important in many ways in speech: in English and most other languages, stressed syllables tend to be longer than unstressed (see RHYTHM, STRESS and WEAK FORM). Some languages have phonemic differences between long and short sounds, and BBC English is claimed by some writers to be of this type, contrasting for short vowels /ɪ e æ ʌ ɒ ʊ ə/ with long vowels /iː ɜː ɑ ː ɔː uː/ (though other, equally valid analyses have been put forward). However, the context in which these sounds occur must be taken into account. For example, the vowel /iː/ is said to be longer than /ɪ/ as well as having a different quality, but the vowel in <beat> /biːt/ is unlikely to be longer than the vowel in <bid> /bɪd/ as the phonetic environment in <beat> causes the vowel to be shorter.
In other languages
When languages have long/short consonant differences, as does Arabic, for example, it is usual to treat the long consonants as geminate; it is odd that this is not done equally regularly in the case of vowels. Perhaps the most interesting example of length differences comes from Estonian, which has traditionally been said to have a three-way distinction between short, long and extra-long consonants and vowels.
Length mark-- by UKT
Though the length mark [ː] may not be very important in English-Latin, it is very important in Burmese-Myanmar vowels.
There are three distinct lengths: short [ ˑ ](U02D1), normal and long [ ː ](U02D0) exemplified in
the following three words.
{ka.} (v. to dance)
{ka} (v. to shield)
{ka:} (v. to spread one's legs)
Note that in Romabama [ . ](U002E) represents a very short sharp sound and [ : ] (U003A) a very long glottal sound. Refer to Vowels and diphthongs in Introduction.
p313. A lenis sound is weakly articulated (the word comes from Latin, where it means 'smooth, gentle'). The opposite is FORTIS.
Examples for English.
In general, the term lenis is used of voiced consonants (which are supposed to be less strongly articulated than their corresponding voiceless ones), and is resorted to for languages such as German, Russian and English where voiced PHONEMES like /b d g/are not always voiced.(See the entry at FORTIS for examples.) However, it is claimed that the language which most clearly shows a distinction between fortis and lenis consonants is Korean.
UKT: "/k/and /g/are one of the pairs of consonants said to be distinguished from each other by being FORTIS or LENIS rather than voiced or voiceless." From DJPD16: VELAR consonants.
p315. The linking or joining together of sounds.
Examples for English
In English the best-known case of liaison is the 'linking r': there are many words in English (e.g. <car>, <here>, <tyre>) which in a RHOTIC accent such as US English or Scots would be pronounced with a final /r/, but which in BBC pronunciation end in a vowel when they are pronounced before a pause or before a consonant. When they are followed by a vowel, British English speakers pronounce /r/at the end, e.g.:
<the car stopped> /ðə kɑː stɒpt/ (US) /ðə kɑːr stɒpt/
<the car is blue> /ðə kɑːr ɪz bluː/ (US) /ðə kɑːr ɪz bluː/
In BBC English there is also 'intrusive r' -- an /r/inserted between two vowels at word boundaries where there is none in the spelling. This does not occur after close vowels ( /iː uː/), or diphthongs which end with a close element (/eɪ aɪ ɔɪ aʊ əʊ/), e.g.:
<China and Japan> /ʧaɪnə r ən ʤəˈpæn/ (US) /ʧaɪnə ən ʤəˈpæn/
<law and order> /lɔː r ən ˈɔː.də/ (US) /lɑː ən ˈɔːr.dɚ/
It is said that liaison is done to link the words without sliding the two vowels together though many languages do run vowels together.
Another aspect of liaison of English is the movement of a single consonant at the end of an unstressed word to the beginning of the next if that is strongly stressed. A well-known example in British English is <none at all>, where the /t/ of <at> becomes initial (and therefore strongly aspirated) in the final syllable for many speakers.
UKT: See Pronouncing the letter R.
From: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Liquid consonants, or liquids, are approximant consonants that are not classified as semivowels (glides) because they do not correspond phonetically to specific vowels (in the way that, for example, the initial [j] in English <yes> corresponds to [i]). The class of liquids can be divided into lateral liquids and rhotics.
Typical liquids in English are the sounds [l] and [ɹ].
UKT: English liquids [l] and [ɹ] correspond to
{la.} and
{ra.}.
p350. A single vowel. The term is used only in contrast with the word DIPHTHONG, which originally meant a 'double sound'.
UKT: See TRIPHTHONG for comparison
Examples for English
British English has 12 vowels monophthongs /ɪ e æ ʌ ɒ ʊ ə iː ɑː ɔː ɜː uː/, and US English has 11, or 12 if r-colored SCHWA /ɚ/ is taken into account. In British English these are traditionally divided into short and long, with a length mark [ː] used to show that there is a difference in length as well as vowel quality. This convention is extended in this dictionary to US English vowels. Long vowels are permitted to appear in a stressed syllable without a CODA, whereas short vowels are not. It should be noted that the schwa vowel,/ə/, never appears in stressed syllables and has a different distribution to the other short vowels.
geminate
v. v. tr.
1. To double. 2.
To arrange in pairs. v. intr. 1. To occur in pairs. adj.
( -n¹t, -n ³t”) 1. Forming a pair; doubled.
n. Linguistics 1. A double or long consonant. [Latin gemināre gemināt
-- from geminus twin] -- From AHTD.
Go back gemin-b
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