Update:
2011-12-31 08:14 PM +0630
TIL
ENGLISH PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY
Information panels
infoA-B.htm
Daniel Jones. Edited by Peter Roach, James Hartman and Jane Setter. Cambridge
University Press, 2003.
Scanned by Maung Kan Tun and edited by U Kyaw Tun, M.S. (I.P.S.T., U.S.A.). Not for
sale. Prepared for students of TIL Computing and Language Center, Yangon, MYANMAR .
index.htm |Top
DJPD16-indx
Information panels A to B
| 01. Abbreviations | 02. Accent
| 03.
Acronyms | 04. Affricate | 05.
Allophone
| 06. Alveolar | 07.
Approximant | 08. Articulation
| 09. Aspiration | 10. Assimilation
| 11. Bilabial
UKT notes
Contents of this page
p2. The pronunciation of
individual abbreviations is not predictable and must be treated on a
word-by-word basis.
Examples
Some good examples of abbreviations
which are spoken in full are to be in titles used for people, e.g.:
<Mr> /ˈmɪs.təʳ/ (US) /-tɚ/
<Mrs> /ˈmɪs.ɪz/
<Dr> /ˈdɒk.təʳ/ (US) /ˈdɑːk.tɚ/
<Esq> /ɪsˈkwaɪəʳ/ (US) /esˈkwaɪɚ/
Some words or phrases are
abbreviated to initial letters. In this case, the item may be pronounced as the
initial letters, or in full. This is not the same as an
acronym, in which the letters are
pronounced as a word (see, for example NATO), e.g.:
<MS> (multiple sclerosis; manuscript) /ˌemˈes/
<NBA> (National Basketball Association) /ˌen.biːˈeɪ/
<UCLA> (University of California Los Angeles) /ˌjuː.siː.elˈeɪ/
Abbreviations derived from Latin words and phrases are common,
but do not all follow the same pattern, some being pronounced in full,
some as letters, and some as they are spelt, e.g.:
<e.g.> (exempli gratia) /ˌiːˈʤiː/
<et al> (et alia) /etˈæl/ (US) /-ˈɑːl/
<etc.> (et cetera) /ɪtˈset.ər.ə/ (US) /-ˈset̬.ɚ-/
<i.e.> (id est) /ˌaɪˈiː/
Contents of this page
p4. Accent may refer to prominence
given to a syllable (see STRESS),
or to a particular way of pronouncing. This panel concentrates on
the latter definition.
Examples for English
Speakers may share the same grammar
and vocabulary, but pronounce what they say with different accents. In Britain,
for example, there are accents such as Scots, Cockney (in London), and Scouse
(in Liverpool), and in the United States the New York accent differs
considerably from that commonly heard in Texas. There are also different
standard English accents, such as British [RP - Received Pronunciation], American
[GA - General American], Australian, Indian or
Singaporean.
Major differences between British and
US English include the vowel in words such as <glass>, the used of a flapped /t/
in words like <butter>, and the fact that US English is
RHOTIC [compare with Skt-Dev] while British
English is non-rhotic [compare with Bur-Myan], that is, an <r> in the spelling is always pronounced in
US English, but only where a vowel follows in British English, e.g.;
<glass> /glɑːs/ (US) /glæs/
<butter> /ˈbʌt.əʳ/ (US) /ˈbʌt̬.ɚ/
<car> /kɑːʳ/ (US) /kɑːr/
More information on the accents chosen
to represent British and American English is given on pp xx.
Contents of this page
p7. Acronyms are words or phrases
written in an abbreviated form, usually with their initial letters, and
pronounced as if they were words, usually with the most obvious pronunciation.
However, it is best to treat them on a word-by-word basis, since there are
exceptions.
Examples
Many organisations, particularly those
to do with government, charities and trade unions, use acronyms. Phrases can
also be reduced to acronym form. Acronyms are usually written using capital
letters, although there are exceptions. Where there is a letter <E> at the end
of an acronym, it is usually pronounced /iː/,
e.g.:
National Association of Teachers in Further and Higher Education
<NATFHE> /ˈnæt.fiː/
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
<NATO> /ˈneɪ.təʊ/ (US) /-t̬oʊ/
situation normal, all fouled up
<snafu> /snæfˈuː/
time and relative dimensions in space
<Tardis> /ˈtɑː.dɪs/ (US) /ˈtɑːr-/
Some words or phrases are abbreviated
to initial letters but do not become acronyms. See
abbreviations.
Contents of this page
p11.
A type of consonant consisting of a
PLOSIVE followed by a
FRICATIVE with the same place of
ARTICULATION.
UKT:
I prefer to use a hyphenated word 'plosive-stop' instead of the
simple PLOSIVE because it can stop or check the preceding vowel.
STOPS are important in Abugida or alpha-syllabic languages such as Bur-Myan
and Skt-Dev.
The canonical form of the syllable in alphabetic languages (Eng-Lat) and
abugidic languages (Bur-Myan and Skt-Dev) is the same:
Consonant-Vowel-Consonant, except the coda-consonant in abugida is a
killed-consonant whose inherent vowel has been removed by a virama. To bring
out this difference, I use: CVC (for alphabetic language), and, CVÇ (for
abugidic language) -- UKT111231
Examples for English
Examples are the /ʧ/ (U02A7) and /ʤ/ (U02A4)
sounds (sometimes symbolised /č/ (U010D) / ǰ / (U01F0) by American
writers) at the beginning and end of the words <church> and <judge>, where the
first of these sounds is voiceless and the second voiced (see
VOICING), e.g.:
<church> /ʧɜːʧ/ (US) /ʧɝːʧ/
<judge> /ʤʌʣ/
UKT
• Bur-Myan script like the Indic scripts is derived from the ancient Brahmi
script.
[Since I would like to be free from religious connotations of Brahmi to the
Hindu-god Brahma, I prefer to use the term Asoka script. However, my friend U
Tun Tints of MLC always reminds me that the 'Brahmi script' is the accepted
term. In reply I point out that since it is oldest recorded script found on
stone inscriptions of the Buddhist Emperor Asoka of India, I would introduce the
term 'Asoka script'. ]
Bur-Myan shares so many common features that a side-by-side comparison of a
few will often reveal structural similarities even in the modern letterforms.
Myanmar together with Indic scripts are all abugidas (also called an
alphasyllabary) in which most symbols stand for a
consonant plus an inherent vowel (usually the sound /a/).
Since Burmese (the spoken language) and Pali are written in Myanmarland in
Pali-Myanmar, it is interesting to compare Pali-Myanmar to Pali-Latin which is derived
from Sri Lanka Pali. (I am basing this comparison on An Elementary Pali
Course, by Ven. Narada Thera
http://www.tipitaka.net/pali/course/, and lately on BEPS Sanskrit-English
Dictionary. - note of 110305, 111231)
Gutturals (velars)
«ka»-group in Pal-Lat (Pali-Latin), and
{ka.} group in Burmese-Myanmar
| Pal-Myan |
{ka.} |
{hka.} |
{ga.} |
{Ga.} |
{nga.} |
| Pal-Lat |
«k» in <key> /kɪː/ |
«kh» |
«g» in <get> |
«gh» |
ṅ as in <ng> in <ring> |
| Skt-Dev |
क |
ख |
ग |
घ |
ङ |
|
UKT: I have observed that the Indian phoneticians in need of a new grapheme
would simply borrow an old grapheme and insert a 'dot' or a 'bar' to the old
one. The grapheme chosen is assumed to have the closest pronunciation (to
the way they articulate and hear). Notice that the above ङ [r1c2]
is simply ड [r3c3] with a dot added. This is not the case in Asoka script
used to write the Prakrit Magadhi. It has a dedicated grapheme for r1c5
which looks like the one in Bur-Myan and Pal-Myan. This has lead me to
suggest that Pal-Myan was the Magadhi used by the Buddha and by the Vedic
phoneticians who preceded the Buddha. -- UKT111231 |
Palatals
[ca] group in Pal-Lat, and
{sa.} group in Pal-Myan and in Bur-Myan
|
Bur-Myan |
{sa.} |
 {hsa.} |
{za.} |
{Za.} |
 {Ña.} |
|
Pal-Myan |
{sa.} |
{hsa.} |
{za.} |
{Za.} |
 {ña.} |
| Pal-Lat |
[c] as in <ch> of <rich> |
[ch] |
[ j ] |
[ jh ] |
[ ñ ] |
| Skt-Dev |
च |
छ
|
ज
|
झ
|
ञ
|
The position occupied by [c] is occupied by Bur-Myan
{sa.} resulting in different pronunciations: Example:
• canda (meaning: 'Moon') =
{sûn~da}
If we were to go along pronunciation of c (as ch in <rich>), the problem becomes
worse, because the ch pronunciation in Bur-Myan is given by a conjoined
consonant {hka.+ ya. –> ch.}
.
The position occupied by ch is occupied by Bur-Myan
{hsa.} resulting in different pronunciations: Example:
• chanda (meaning: 'intention') =
{hsan-da.}
The problem actually boils down to the question which pronunciation is more
authentic: Pal-Myan or Pal-Lat ?
It is often difficult to decide
whether any particular combination of plosive plus a fricative should be classed
as a single affricate sound or as two separate sounds, and the question depends
on whether these are to be regarded as separate
PHONEMES or not. It is
usual to regard /ʧ/
and /ʤ/
as affricate phonemes in English; /ʦ ʣ tr
dr/ also occur in English but are
not usually treated as clusters. The two phrases <why choose> and <white shoes>
are said to show the difference between the
/ʧ/
affricate (in the first example) and separate
/t/
and /ʃ/
(in the second), e.g.:
<why choose> /hwaɪ ʧuːz/
<white shoes> /hwaɪt ʃuːz/
UKT: Note the
use of digraphs:
/ʦ/
(U02A6),
/ʧ/
(U02A7) , /ʣ/
(U02A3), /ʤ/
(U02A4) .
Contents of this page
p18. A variant of a phoneme.
Examples for English
Central to the concept of the
PHONEME is the idea
that it may be pronounced in many different ways. In English we take it for
granted that the /r/
sound in <ray> and <tray> are the "the same sound" (i.e. the same phoneme), but
in reality the two sounds are very different -- the /r/
in <ray> is voiced and non-fricative, while the /r/
sound in <tray> is voiceless and
FRICATIVE.
In phonemic transcription we use the same symbol /r/
for both (the slant brackets indicate that phonemic symbols are being used), but
we know that the allophones of /r/ included the voiced non-fricative sound and
the voiceless fricative one. Using the square brackets that indicate
PHONETIC
(allophonic) symbols, the former is [ɹ]
(U0279) and the latter [ɹ̥] (U0279 U0325), e.g.:
<ray> /reɪ/ [ɹeɪ]
<tray> /treɪ/ [tɹ̥eɪ]
In theory a phoneme can have an
infinite number of allophones, but in practice for descriptive purposes we tend
to concentrate on the ones that occur most regularly and recognizably.
Contents of this page
p19.
Alveolar sounds are made with a place of articulation behind the upper front
teeth, against the hard, bony ridge called the
alveolar ridge
(the bony structure with alveoli or tooth sockets); the skin covering
it is corrugated with transverse wrinkles.
Examples for English
The tongue comes into contact with the
alveolar ridge in some of the consonants of English and many other languages;
sounds such as [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l] are consonants with alveolar place of
articulation. Some examples for English follows, e.g.:
<tip> /tɪp/ - rhymes with
{hkíp}
'the age or period ' [note the diacritic over <i>]
<dip> /dɪp/
<nip> /nɪp/
<sip> /sɪp/
<zip> /zɪp/
<lip> /lɪp/
UKT: Though the examples are
from DJPD16, I've rearranged them (except <lip>) to reflect the way the
Myanmar consonants are arranged:
Eng-Lat [t] [d] [n] = Bur-Myan
{ta.}
{da.}
{na.}
Eng-Lat [s] [z] = Bur-Myan
{sa.}
{za.}
Eng-Lat [n] = Bur-Myan
{na.}
Eng-Lat [l] = Bur-Myan
{la.}
Although /r/ is described as alveolar
or post-alveolar in British English, in US English it is in fact nearer to
RETROFLEX, e.g.:
<rip> /rɪp/ [ɹɪʔp] (US) [ɻɪʔp]
Contents of this page
p30. A phonetic term of comparatively
recent origin, used to denote a consonant which makes very little obstruction to
the airflow.
Examples for English
Traditionally approximants have been divided
into two groups. Sounds in the first group are known as 'semivowels'
such the /w/ and /j/, which are very similar to 'close vowels' such as
[u] and [i] but are produced as a rapid glide. e.g.:
<wet> /wet/
<yet> /jet/
Liquids are sounds which have
an identifiable constriction of the airflow but not one that is sufficiently
obstructive to produce fricative noise, compression or the diversion of the
airflow through another part of the vocal tract as in nasals. This category
includes laterals such as /l/ and non-fricative /r/
(phonetically [ɹ]
in the British English and [ɻ] in US English), e.g.:
<lead> /liːd/
<read> /riːd/
Approximants therefore are never
fricative and never contain interruptions to the airflow.
Contents of this page
p35. The movement of the vocal organs to produce speech sounds. The vocal organs
(speech
organs) are often referred to as 'articulators', and these include the
tongue, the lips, the hard palate, soft palate, the teeth, the pharynx and the
larynx. In classifying
CONSONANTS, phoneticians note the 'place of articulation'
(the point in the vocal tract where the obstruction to the airflow is made) and
the 'manner of articulation' (the type of obstruction made by the articulators).
Thus the sound [s] is classifieds as
ALVEOLAR (because the place of articulation is at the alveolar
ridge, just behind the upper front teeth) and
FRICATIVE (because the obstruction
is one which allows air to escape with difficulty, creating a hissing noise).
UKT:
Speech Organs|
Alveolar fricative |
Alveolar hisser (fricative).
-- from: Department of
Linguistics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
http://www.unil.ch/ling/english/phonetique/table-eng.html |
www.unil.ch/ling/phonetique
Place of Articulation and Manner of Articulation
Department of Linguistics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
http://www.unil.ch/ling/english/phonetique/table-eng.html |
www.unil.ch/ling/phonetique
The distinction between manner of
articulation and place of articulation is particularly important for the
classification of consonants.
The manner of articulation is
defined by a number of factors:
• whether there is vibration of the vocal cords (voiced vs. voiceless);
• whether there is obstruction of the airstream at any point above the glottis
(consonant vs. vowel);
• whether the airstream passes through the nasal cavity in addition to the oral
cavity (nasal vs. oral);
• whether the airstream passes through the middle of the oral cavity or along
the side(s) (non-lateral vs. lateral).
The place of articulation is
the point where the airstream is obstructed. In general, the place of
articulation is simply that point on the palate where the tongue is placed to
block the stream of air.
The place of articulation can be any
of the following (See
Speech
Organs):
• the lips (labials and bilabials),
• the teeth (dentals),
• the lips and teeth (labio-dentals -- here the tongue is not directly involved),
• the alveolar ridge (that part of the gums behind the upper front teeth --
alveolar articulations),
• the hard palate (given its large size, one can distinguish between
palato-alveolars, palatals and palato-velars),
• the soft palate (or velum -- velar articulations),
• the uvula (uvulars),
• the pharynx (pharyngeals),
• the glottis (glottals).
Contents of this page
p37. Noise made when the
constriction of plosive consonant is released and air is allowed to escape
relatively freely.
UKT: Aspiration in English-Latin is important from the point of view of
transliteration of Bur-Myan
{ka.}
{hka.}
{ta.}
{hta.} and
{pa.}
{hpa.}
Examples for English
English /p t k/ at the beginning of a syllable (onset) are aspirated in
most accents. In words like <pea>, <tea>, <key>, there is a silent period during
which the compressed air is prevented from escaping by the articulatory closure;
this is followed by a sound similar to /h/ before the VOICING of the vowel
begins, the result of the vocal folds being widely parted at the time of the of
the articulatory release. Aspiration is an important factor in whether we
perceive a sound to be /p t k/ or /b d g/ in syllable-initial position.
UKT: See VOICE ONSET
TIME or V.O.T.
/p t k/
are aspirated at the beginning of a syllable (onset) containing a full vowel, e.g.:
<pin> /pɪn/ [pʰĩn] -- UKT: <p> in
this case is close to
{hpa.}
<tick> /tɪk/ [tʰɪʔk] -- UKT: <t> in
this case is close to
{hta.}
<kin> /kɪn/ [kʰĩn] -- UKT: <k> in this case
is close to
{hka.}
<appease> /əˈpiːz/ [əˈpʰiːz̥]
<attain> /əˈteɪn/ [əˈtʰeĩn]
<accord> /əˈkɔːd/ (US)
/əˈkɔːrd/ [əˈkʰɔːd̥]
(US) [əˈkʰɔːɻd̥]
When followed by /l r w/ or /j/ in initial consonant
clusters, the release of the
PLOSIVE gives the
following sound a voiceless quality, e.g.:
<play> /pleɪ/ [pl̥eɪ]
<tree> /triː/ [tɹ̥iː]
[UKT: See
this in the original panel.]
<queue> /kjuː/ [k°jʉː]
[UKT: See
this in the original panel.]
<twice> /twaɪs/ [tw̥aɪs]
UKT: <p> <t> <k> followed by <y>
<r> <l> <w> produces the Bur-Myan
medials or conjuncts, e.g.:
<tree> /triː/ [tɹ̥iː] --
{htri:} DJPD16's remark about "a voiceless
quality" does not apply here.
UKT: In my study of Skt-Dev as part of BEPS (Burmese,
English, Pali, Sanskrit, in Myanmar, Latin-IPA and
Devanagari), I have come across the rhotic vowel pair,
ऋ ॠ (vowel letters) and its corresponding
ृ ॄ (vowel signs). Working on the parallel
between Pal-Myan and Skt-Dev, I have come to realise
that Pal-Myan (same as Bur-Myan)
{ra.} can be looked on as a vowel or semi-vowel in
addition to its being a regular consonant. Thus, the
{ra.ric}-sign,
{-ra.}, is actually a vowel-sign. To accommodate, the
highly rhotic signs, Romabama has to introduce another
vowel-sign
{-Ra.} . Thus,
<tree>
{htri:} /tɹiː/ - non-rhotic: applicable to Bur-Myan
<tree>
{htRi:} /triː/ - rhotic: applicable to Pal-Myan
It is noticeable that when /p t k/ are preceded by /s/
at the beginning of a syllable they are not aspirated. This
makes them very similar to /b d g/ , and is an example of
NEUTRALISATION –
the distinctive difference between /p t/ /k/ and /b d g/
is lost when there is a preceding /s/ , e.g.:
<spin> /spɪn/ [spĩn] (compare /pɪn/ [pʰĩn] )
<stick> /stɪk/ [stɪʔk] (compare /tɪk/ [tʰɪʔk] )
<skin> /skɪn/ [skĩn] (compare /kɪn/ [kʰĩn] )
Word final [UKT: coda] /p t k/
may be aspirated or not, for stylistic reasons.
Contents of this page
p38. Assimilation is what happens to a
sound when it is influenced by one of its neighbours; essentially it becomes
more similar to a neighbour.
UKT: See also
Assimilation in the Introduction.
Examples for English
Assimilation is said to be
'progressive' when a sound influences a following sound, or 'regressive' when a
sound influences one which precedes it. The most familiar case of regressive
assimilation in English is that of ALVEOLAR consonants (e.g.
/t d s z n/
) which are followed by non-alveolar consonants: assimilation results in a
change of place of articulation from alveolar to a different place. For example,
the word <this> has the sound /s/
at the end if it is pronounced on its own, but when followed by post-alveolar
/ʃ/
in a word such as <shop> it often changes in rapid speech (through
assimilation) to /ʃ/,
giving the pronunciation /ðɪʃʃɒp/.
The following examples occur especially in British English:
<batman> /ˈbæt.mæn/ ➙ [ˈbæp.mæn]
<fruitcake> /ˈfruːt.keɪk/ ➙ [ˈfruːk.keɪk]
<handbag> /ˈhænd.bæg/ ➙ [ˈhæmb.bæg]
Progressive assimilation is
exemplified by the behavior of the 's'
plural ending in English, which is pronounced with a voiced voiced
/z/
after a voiced consonant but with a voiceless
/s/
after a voiceless consonant, e.g.:
<dog> /dɒg/ + plural --> /dɒgz/ [coda <g> is voiced]
(US) /dɑːg/ + plural --> /dɑːgz/
<cat> /ˈkæt/ + plural --> /ˈkæts/ [coda <t> is voiceless]
Contents of this page
p58. Bilabial articulations involve both of
the lips.
Examples for English
In English,
/p b/
and /m/
are examples of bilabial sounds. These are all made with a complete closure of
the lips, e.g.:
<pan> /pæn/
<ban> /bæn/
<man> /mæn/
(/w/ is also sometimes referred to as bilabial, but, as it has tongue movement
towards the velum in addition to lip rounding, it is more accurately described
as 'labial-velar'.)
The plosives /p/ and /b/
are one of the pairs which are said to be distinguished by being
FORTIS and
LENIS respectively, rather than voiceless and voiced.
Contents of this page
Contents of this page
End of TIL file
